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Background Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy (TSV) is a safe and effective method for intractable hemospermia. It uses a natural cavity, is fast, involves little trauma, and boasts a low incidence of complications. Because uncontrollable penile erection during general anesthesia will severely influence the surgical operation or even damage the endoscope, spinal anesthesia was applied more on TSV. But spinal anesthesia extends the length of stay in the hospital and brings patients unnecessary discomfort. As the TSV is a quick recovery operation, we should think about a more suitable mode for these patients. Methods A total of 141 patients received TSV between January 2015 and July 2019: 81 patients received day surgery under caudal block (group A), and 60 received inpatient surgery under spinal anesthesia (group B). Operative time, postoperative hospital stay, hemospermia remission rate, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remission rate are compared. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores of groups were taken and compared at 2 time points: when there was pain during surgery (T1) and at the end of surgery (T2). Surgical methods of two groups are the same. Results The mean operative time of two groups are 34 min (group A) and 32 min (group B), and there was no statistical difference. Postoperative hemospermia remission rates are both 100% at 3 months, which at 6 months are 60% and 48%, and there was no statistical difference. MRI remission at 3 months are 72% and 57%, which has no statistical difference. Postoperative complications were mild in two groups like hematuria and dysuria which can relieve within one day, and there were no severe complications. Intraoperative pain was present in 18.5% (15/81) of group A. Their highest VAS score was 3 points, indicating mild pain, which did not influence the surgical process or postoperative recovery. The postoperative VAS scores were similar between the 2 groups. Group A did not require postoperative hospitalization, whereas the average postoperative hospitalization in group B was 2 days. Conclusions Seminal vesiculoscopy can be performed as a day surgery under caudal block, which has obvious advantages in accelerating postoperative recovery and shortening the hospital stay.

Background An increasing amount of evidence has indicated that microRNAs (miRs) are involved in most biological conditions, including the neurogenic bladder (NB). However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated these miR expressions in spinal cord-injured (SCI) rat NB. The goal of the study was to explore the miR expression profile in the SCI rat NB by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods Female Wistar rats underwent spinal cord transection at T9-10 and were randomly divided into the SCI-1, SCI-2 and SCI-3 groups (n=5 for each group) whose bladder tissues were collected 1, 2, and 4 weeks after transection, respectively. The normal rats were used as the normal control (NC) group. MiRs microarray assays were used to detect the differentially expressed miRs between the groups by NGS, which was then verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Those significantly differently expressed miRs were analyzed with Gene Ontology categories and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes bioinformatical analyses. Results Compared with the NC group, 96, 28 and 51 miRs were downregulated in the rats' bladder in the SCI-1, SCI-2, and SCI-3 groups, respectively, and 133, 49, and 76 miRs were upregulated respectively. Specifically, miR-21-5p was the most significantly upregulated miR in all SCI groups. Also, 121 miRs (SCI-1 vs. SCI-2), 98 miRs (SCI-1 vs. SCI-3), and 26 miRs (SCI-2 vs. SCI-3) were of significantly different expression. Furthermore, a large set of genes implicated in essential signaling pathways were targeted by these miRs, including PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Rap1, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways, along with the tight junction and metabolic pathways. Conclusions This is the first demonstration of differentially expressed miRs, which may potentially serve as new molecular targets in the SCI rat NB.