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Methods of preventing and treating knee injuries have changed with the rapid development and refinement of knee braces. Prophylactic knee braces are designed to protect uninjured knees from valgus stresses that could damage the medial collateral ligaments. However, no conclusive evidence supports their effectiveness, and they are not recommended for regular use. Functional knee braces are intended to stabilize knees during rotational and anteroposterior forces. They offer a useful adjunct to the treatment and rehabilitation of ligamentous knee injuries. Patellofemoral knee braces have been used to treat anterior knee disorders and offer moderate subjective improvement without significant disadvantages. Additional well-designed studies are needed to demonstrate objectively the benefits of all knee braces. Knee braces should be used in conjunction with a rehabilitation program that incorporates strength training, flexibility, activity modification and technique refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vacuum extraction is an effective method of operative vaginal delivery. The procedure is widely used in Europe and many developing countries as the instrument of choice for assisted vaginal deliveries and has recently gained greater acceptance in the United States. The vacuum procedure is relatively easy to learn and offers a safer, less traumatic alternative to the use of forceps or cesarean section for indicated deliveries. Advances in extractor cup design have resulted in fewer cases of neonatal and maternal trauma and improved efficacy. As with any procedure, strict attention to technique and sound clinical judgment are essential for success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]