34 results on '"Jacoby R"'
Search Results
2. The balancing act.
- Author
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Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Laboratory, Public Policy, Research, Laboratory Animal Science education
- Published
- 2001
3. Going molecular.
- Author
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Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Laboratory Animal Science trends, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques veterinary
- Published
- 2001
4. Prevalence of rat virus infection in progeny of acutely or persistently infected pregnant rats.
- Author
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Jacoby RO, Ball-Goodrich L, Paturzo FX, and Johnson EA
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Animals, Antibodies, Viral blood, Female, Immunity, Maternally-Acquired, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Male, Parvoviridae Infections complications, Parvoviridae Infections immunology, Parvoviridae Infections virology, Pregnancy, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Parvoviridae Infections transmission, Parvovirus genetics, Parvovirus immunology, Parvovirus isolation & purification, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious immunology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious virology
- Abstract
Infant rats are susceptible to persistent rat virus (RV) infection, but risk of persistent infection after prenatal exposure to virus is unclear. We examined this aspect of RV infection in the progeny of dams inoculated with virus during or prior to pregnancy. Sprague-Dawley (SD) dams were infected during pregnancy (gestation day 9) by oronasal inoculation with 10(5) TCID50 of the UMass strain of RV. SD rats were infected prior to pregnancy by oronasal inoculation of two-day-old females with 10(2) TCID50 of RV-UMass, which induced persistent infection. They were mated to non-immune males after reaching sexual maturity. Rats were assessed for RV infection by virus isolation, in situ hybridization, contact transmission, or serologic testing. The progeny of dams inoculated with virus during gestation had high prevalence of infection through postpartum week 9 (9 of 12 rats were virus positive at week 3, and 7 of 10 were virus positive at week 9). Additionally, 2 of 10 rats were virus positive at least through postpartum week 15. The progeny from persistently infected, seropositive dams had no evidence of infection and did not transmit infection to contact sentinels. However, 12 dams were virus positive at necropsy and 9 had transmitted infection to their breeding partners. These results indicate that prenatal infection in non-immune dams can lead to RV persistence in their progeny. By contrast, the progeny of persistently infected dams are protected from infection, presumably by maternal antibody, although their dams can transmit infection to their breeding partners.
- Published
- 2001
5. The academic cup: part II.
- Author
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Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Laboratory, Faculty, Medical, Humans, Education, Medical, Research, Schools, Medical
- Published
- 2000
6. The academic cup: Part I.
- Author
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Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Workforce, Animals, Laboratory, Education, Veterinary, Veterinarians supply & distribution
- Published
- 2000
7. Feast and potential famine.
- Author
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Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animal Diseases, Animals, Financing, Government, United States, Animals, Laboratory, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Research Support as Topic trends
- Published
- 2000
8. Reporting pain and distress.
- Author
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Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Organizational Policy, United States, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Welfare legislation & jurisprudence, Animals, Laboratory, Pain
- Published
- 2000
9. The evolving role of laboratory animal technology.
- Author
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Jacoby RO and Macy JD
- Subjects
- Animal Husbandry trends, Animals, Research, Animals, Laboratory, Biomedical Technology
- Published
- 1999
10. Federal support for training in laboratory animal medicine should be reinstated.
- Author
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Jacoby RO and Fox JG
- Subjects
- Animals, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), United States, Animals, Laboratory, Education, Veterinary economics, Financing, Government, Training Support
- Published
- 1999
11. International standards for rodent quality.
- Author
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Jacoby RO and Homberger FR
- Subjects
- Animals, International Cooperation, Quality Control, Animal Husbandry standards, Animals, Laboratory, Rodentia
- Published
- 1999
12. Engaging mouse genes in motion.
- Author
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Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Genetic Engineering, Mice genetics
- Published
- 1999
13. Mouse hepatitis virus: a durable foe.
- Author
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Compton SR and Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Animals, Laboratory, Coronavirus Infections veterinary, Murine hepatitis virus
- Published
- 1998
14. Rodent parvovirus infections.
- Author
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Jacoby RO, Ball-Goodrich LJ, Besselsen DG, McKisic MD, Riley LK, and Smith AL
- Subjects
- Animals, Cricetinae, Mice, Parvoviridae classification, Parvoviridae genetics, Parvoviridae Infections diagnosis, Parvoviridae Infections prevention & control, Parvoviridae Infections virology, Rats, Research, Terminology as Topic, Parvoviridae Infections veterinary, Rodent Diseases virology
- Abstract
Parvoviruses are among the most common infectious agents of laboratory rodents and major impediments to rodent-based research. The original prototypic rodent parvoviruses-minute virus of mice, rat virus, and H-1 virus-have recently been joined by biologically and antigenically distinct parvoviruses in mice, rats, and hamsters. Recognition of the increased diversity of rodent parvoviruses presents new challenges for determining the impact of parvovirus infection on research and for detecting, preventing, and eliminating infection. This review summarizes current knowledge about rodent parvoviruses and parvovirus infections, highlighting recent research on newly isolated virus strains.
- Published
- 1996
15. Persistent rat virus infection in juvenile athymic rats and its modulation by immune serum.
- Author
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Gaertner DJ, Jacoby RO, Johnson EA, Paturzo FX, and Smith AL
- Subjects
- Animals, Bronchi virology, DNA, Viral analysis, Immune Sera immunology, Immunization, Passive veterinary, Parvoviridae Infections immunology, Parvoviridae Infections transmission, Parvoviridae Infections virology, Parvovirus isolation & purification, Pulmonary Alveoli virology, Rats, Rats, Nude, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rodent Diseases transmission, Rodent Diseases virology, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Parvoviridae Infections veterinary, Parvovirus immunology, Rodent Diseases immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology
- Abstract
In contrast to euthymic juvenile rats, which develop acute, self-limiting infection with rat virus (RV), RV infection of juvenile athymic rats was persistent for up to 12 weeks as demonstrated by recovery of infective virus, transmission to cagemates, and detection of viral DNA in the lungs. Administration of RV antiserum at the time of virus inoculation prevented persistent infection in five of six rats. Among rats given RV antiserum 1 week after virus, the interval at which euthymic rats begin to seroconvert, RV was not detected 1 week later but was recovered from four of six rats 3 weeks later. Results of these studies confirm that T-cell deficiency facilitates persistent RV infection and indicate that antibody provides significant protection from persistent infection only if it is present at the time of virus inoculation. The results support the concept that factors which prevent persistent infection in euthymic rats act early after virus inoculation and may include cellular immunity.
- Published
- 1995
16. Environmental stability and transmission of rat virus.
- Author
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Yang FC, Paturzo FX, and Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Housing, Animal, Male, Parvoviridae Infections transmission, Parvoviridae Infections virology, Parvovirus isolation & purification, Pregnancy, Rats, Rats, Inbred F344, Rats, Nude, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rodent Diseases virology, Sentinel Surveillance, Serum Albumin, Bovine physiology, Temperature, Air Microbiology, Parvoviridae Infections veterinary, Parvovirus physiology, Rodent Diseases transmission
- Abstract
The environmental stability and transmission of a field isolate of rat virus was tested under conditions resembling those that may be encountered during the housing of laboratory rats. The rat virus kept in physiologic salt solutions at room temperature remained infective for at least 5 weeks. Similar virus preparations remained infective after drying on a plastic surface for 3 to 5 weeks, depending on initial virus concentration. Varying the protein concentration in the medium had no significant effect on stability. Bedding from cages housing infected litters induced seroconversions in sentinel rats for at least 5 weeks after storage of rat virus at room temperature. Infection was transmitted between rats housed in open cages in a Trexler isolator but not between rats housed in microisolator cages connected by tunnels partitioned by wire screens with a mesh size of 1.67 mm. The results indicate that rat virus can remain infective after prolonged exposure to an ambient environment and suggest that infection is more readily transmitted by animal-to-animal contact or by fomites than by aerosolization of exhaled virus.
- Published
- 1995
17. Infrequent shedding and transmission of herpesvirus simiae from seropositive macaques.
- Author
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Weir EC, Bhatt PN, Jacoby RO, Hilliard JK, and Morgenstern S
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Herpesviridae Infections blood, Herpesviridae Infections microbiology, Herpesviridae Infections transmission, Macaca blood, Male, Monkey Diseases blood, Monkey Diseases microbiology, Virus Shedding, Herpesviridae Infections veterinary, Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine, Macaca microbiology, Monkey Diseases transmission
- Abstract
The epizootiologic properties of Herpesvirus simiae (B virus) were studied in singly housed macaques (Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis) in a biomedical vivarium to determine whether commonly encountered environments and procedures such as quarantine, breeding, Caesarean section, parturition, and social stress induced virus shedding and transmission. Macaques were tested serologically and for infectious virus. Oral, conjunctival, and vaginal swab samples were obtained repeatedly. Virus excretion was not detected during a 7-week quarantine of 32 newly acquired, singly housed animals tested every other week for 6 weeks, and none of 19 seronegative animals from this group seroconverted during 7 weeks in quarantine. No virus shedding was detected in 16 seropositive animals tested weekly for 3 weeks after Caesarean section or normal parturition or in 11 seropositive animals following introduction of new males to animals rooms. One animal seroconverted after repeated breeding of seropositive animals to seronegative partners. Fifty-three singly housed offspring remained seronegative for up to 10 years, even if born to seropositive dams, and only 1 of 86 singly housed animals less than 7 years old was seropositive. These results suggest that shedding of B virus from seropositive macaques is uncommon, when subjected to common laboratory procedures or environments, and that transmission is rare in singly housed animals. These results may be useful in establishing B virus-free colonies of macaques.
- Published
- 1993
18. In vivo studies with an "orphan" parvovirus of mice.
- Author
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Smith AL, Jacoby RO, Johnson EA, Paturzo F, and Bhatt PN
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Female, In Situ Hybridization, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred DBA, Mice, SCID, Parvoviridae isolation & purification, Parvoviridae Infections microbiology, Parvoviridae Infections transmission, Pregnancy, Rodent Diseases transmission, Viscera microbiology, Mice, Parvoviridae pathogenicity, Parvoviridae Infections veterinary, Rodent Diseases microbiology
- Abstract
A virus antigenically related to, but distinct from, minute virus of mice was assessed for infectivity in neonatal and weanling random-bred mice and was equally infectious for both age groups. The virus, designated a mouse "orphan" parvovirus (OPV), was also localized in tissues of experimentally infected random-bred, inbred, and immunodeficient mice by in situ hybridization. Hybridization signal was seen in exocrine and endocrine pancreas, abdominal lymph nodes, mesentery, intestine, and sporadically in other tissues of Sencar, C3H, and DBA mice inoculated as infants. In adult BALB/c severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice, signal was seen in lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and intestine but not in pancreas. Transmission of OPV by Sencar mice inoculated as infants was intermittent, whereas transmission by Sencar mice inoculated as weanlings was consistent during the first 2 weeks both by direct contact and by exposure to soiled bedding. The longest duration of transmission was 6 weeks among mice inoculated as infants. The results implicate a role for urinary, fecal, and perhaps respiratory excretion of virus, depending on host genotype and route of virus exposure. They also suggest that evaluation of pancreatic and immune function during acute infection is warranted.
- Published
- 1993
19. Infection of SDAV-immune rats with SDAV and rat coronavirus.
- Author
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Weir EC, Jacoby RO, Paturzo FX, and Johnson EA
- Subjects
- Animals, Coronaviridae Infections immunology, Coronaviridae Infections microbiology, Coronaviridae Infections transmission, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Random Allocation, Rats immunology, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Coronaviridae immunology, Coronaviridae Infections veterinary, Rats microbiology
- Abstract
Infection of rats with sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) or rat coronavirus (RCV) is acute and self-limiting, and elimination and control of either virus is based on the assumption that recovered rats are immune to reinfection. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether SDAV-immune rats could be infected with RCV or reinfected with SDAV. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were inoculated intranasally with SDAV or with culture medium alone and serial SDAV antibody titers were obtained. Eleven months after inoculation, when antibody titers had stabilized, SDAV-immune and nonimmune rats were challenged with SDAV or RCV, and euthanatized 3 or 6 days later. SDAV-immune rats challenged with SDAV or RCV manifested acute rhinitis associated with virus antigen by 3 days after inoculation, but no lesions or antigen were subsequently found in the lower respiratory tract, salivary glands or lacrimal glands. There was also a marked anamnestic increase in antibody titer by 6 days after challenge. SDAV-immune rats challenged with SDAV or RCV also transmitted infection to nonimmune cage mates. This study indicates that 11 months after primary infection with SDAV, rats can be infected with SDAV or RCV, but that the severity of disease is significantly reduced.
- Published
- 1990
20. Persistence of sialodacryoadenitis virus in athymic rats.
- Author
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Weir EC, Jacoby RO, Paturzo FX, Johnson EA, and Ardito RB
- Subjects
- Animals, Coronaviridae isolation & purification, Coronaviridae Infections etiology, Coronaviridae Infections pathology, Female, Male, Necrosis, Rats, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Antigens, Viral analysis, Coronaviridae growth & development, Coronaviridae Infections veterinary, Rats, Mutant Strains microbiology, Rats, Nude microbiology
- Abstract
To determine whether SDAV infection persists in athymic rats, weanling athymic rats and euthymic rats were inoculated intranasally with 10(4) TCID50 of SDAV and examined periodically for up to 90 days. Viral antigen and lesions characteristic of acute SDAV infection, including rhinotracheitis, bronchitis and sialodacryoadenitis, were detected in both groups of rats during the first week. In euthymic rats, tissues were under repair and viral antigen was undetectable by day 17, and tissues were histologically normal by day 31 except for mild focal dacryoadenitis. In athymic rats, viral antigen and chronic active inflammation of respiratory tract, salivary and lacrimal glands persisted through day 90. Inflammation and viral antigen also were observed in the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis and urinary bladder as late as day 90. Virus was isolated from nasopharynx, lung, salivary gland and Harderian gland of athymic rats through day 90. All euthymic rats seroconverted to SDAV by day 6, whereas all athymic rats remained seronegative through day 31, and two of six were seropositive by day 90. As judged by seroconversion of contact sentinels, six of six athymic rats shed virus through 6 weeks, and five of six through 10 weeks. These results indicate that SDAV persists in athymic rats, and that normal T cell function is required for host defenses against SDAV.
- Published
- 1990
21. Epizootic coronaviral typhlocolitis in suckling mice.
- Author
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Barthold SW, Smith AL, Lord PF, Bhatt PN, Jacoby RO, and Main AJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Suckling microbiology, Cecal Diseases epidemiology, Cecal Diseases microbiology, Colitis epidemiology, Colitis microbiology, Colitis veterinary, Coronaviridae Infections epidemiology, Coronaviridae Infections microbiology, Murine hepatitis virus classification, Rodent Diseases microbiology, Cecal Diseases veterinary, Coronaviridae Infections veterinary, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Mice microbiology, Rodent Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Multiple epizootics of typhlocolitis associated with high morbidity and mortality occurred among suckling mice in an arbovirology research laboratory. Affected mice had necrosis and hyperplasia of cecal, colonic, and less often, small intestinal mucosa. Epithelial syncytia were present throughout the affected areas. Other organs generally were not involved. The etiologic agent was a coronavirus antigenically related to mouse hepatitis virus strains 1 and S. Sera from dams of affected litters and recovered animals did not contain detectable complement fixing antibody to coronavirus antigen. The lesions and the causative agent differed from previously reported coronaviral syndromes in mice. The source of the infection was not definitely found.
- Published
- 1982
22. Mousepox in inbred mice innately resistant or susceptible to lethal infection with ectromelia virus. III. Experimental transmission of infection and derivation of virus-free progeny from previously infected dams.
- Author
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Bhatt PN and Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Ectromelia, Infectious immunology, Immunity, Innate, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Species Specificity, Ectromelia, Infectious transmission, Poxviridae Infections transmission
- Abstract
The incidence and duration of transmission of infection with ectromelia virus strain NIH-79 was tested in innately resistant (C57BL/6) and innately susceptible (BALB/c) inbred mice. Transmission by C57BL/6 index mice occurred through 3 weeks and by BALB/c index mice through 4 weeks, although the duration of infection in individual index mice was often shorter. Soiled caging that previously housed infected mice was inconsistently infectious. Transmission was high in cages where infected mice died and were cannibalized by cagemates, but was low to moderate in cages where there was no cannibalism. Infected mice that were bred 6 weeks after they were infected, delivered virus-free progeny and did not transmit infection to their non-immune breeding partners. Sentinel mice housed in the room with experimentally infected mice were seronegative for antibody to ectromelia virus and to other murine viruses. These results support the view that infection with NIH-79 virus is typically short-lived. They also indicate that breeding of recovered mice can save valuable colonies that have been exposed to ectromelia virus.
- Published
- 1987
23. An outbreak of cecal mucosal hyperplasia in hamsters.
- Author
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Barthold SW, Jacoby RO, and Pucak GJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Cecal Diseases epidemiology, Cecal Diseases pathology, Cecum pathology, Diarrhea epidemiology, Diarrhea pathology, Diarrhea veterinary, Female, Hyperplasia, Male, Rodent Diseases pathology, Cecal Diseases veterinary, Cricetinae, Mesocricetus, Rodent Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Cecal mucosal hyperplasia associated with diarrhea, runting, and high mortality in suckling and weanling hamsters occurred as a natural disease outbreak in a production colony. Young hamsters were runted, and their perineal hair was stained and matted with liquid feces. Their ceca were thickened, contracted, congested, and had scant luminal content. There were severe hyperplasia of cecal crypts, accompanied by increased mitotic activity, inflammation, and focal mucosal erosion. A variety of bacteria was isolated, but none was considered pathogenic. No relationship of cecal hyperplasia to transmissible ileal hyperplasia of hamsters was found. Hyperimmune serum from hamsters with transmissible ileal hyperplasia did not react by immunofluorescence against hyperplastic cecal mucosa. Electron microscopy did not reveal a caustive agent. Transmission attempts have been unsuccessful. Cecal mucosal hyperplasia is apparently a newly discovered disease entity in hamsters with the clinical sign of diarrhea.
- Published
- 1978
24. Mousepox in inbred mice innately resistant or susceptible to lethal infection with ectromelia virus. I. Clinical responses.
- Author
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Bhatt PN and Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Ectromelia, Infectious pathology, Female, Immunity, Innate, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred Strains, Species Specificity, Ectromelia, Infectious mortality, Poxviridae Infections mortality
- Abstract
Clinical responses to infection with ectromelia virus strain NIH-79 were determined in several strains of inbred mice. All mice were equally susceptible to infection, but mortality was strain dependent. BALB/c AnNCr, A/JNCr, DBA/2NCr and C3H/He/NCr MTV- mice were highly susceptible to lethal infection whereas AKR/NCr and SJL/NCr mice were moderately susceptible and C57BL/6NCr mice were highly resistant. Death rates were influenced strongly by virus dose and by route of inoculation. High doses were associated with early and high mortality. For a given dose, intraperitoneal inoculation resulted in the highest mortality and death rates were progressively reduced in mice inoculated by the footpad, subcutaneous and intranasal routes. Footpad swelling was prominent in resistant mice and in survivors among susceptible strains. Deaths among AKR and SJL mice were sporadic and often occurred late irrespective of virus dose. It is suggested that this pattern could be influenced by secondary contact infections or by immunologic injury associated with host responses to ectromelia virus.
- Published
- 1987
25. Pathogenesis of vaccinia (IHD-T) virus infection in BALB/cAnN mice.
- Author
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Jacoby RO, Bhatt PN, Johnson EA, and Paturzo FX
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral biosynthesis, Ectromelia, Infectious prevention & control, Female, Inclusion Bodies pathology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Skin pathology, Time Factors, Vaccinia pathology, Vaccinia virus immunology, Viral Vaccines immunology, Vaccinia etiology
- Abstract
The pathogenesis of lesions produced by the IHD-T strain of vaccinia virus during vaccination of BALB/cAnN mice was characterized by virological, morphological, and serological methods. Infectious vaccinia virus was detected at the vaccination site for up to 16 days and was also found, to a variable extent, in lung, thymus, spleen, and liver between days 3 and 5. Viral antigen was detected at the vaccination site by avidin-biotin-linked immunoperoxidase cytochemistry, but only when viral concentrations were at least 10(5.0) log10 TCID per mg of tissue. The primary vaccination lesions were typical pocks characterized by sequential development of epidermal necrosis, vesicle formation, and ulceration and by dermal inflammation dominated by mononuclear cells. Type B inclusions were found in epidermis, but Type A inclusions were not seen. Seroconversion to vaccinia viral antigen was detected by day 8 with complement-fixation and immunofluorescence assays and by day 10 with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
- Published
- 1983
26. Mousepox in inbred mice innately resistant or susceptible to lethal infection with ectromelia virus. II. Pathogenesis.
- Author
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Jacoby RO and Bhatt PN
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Ectromelia, Infectious immunology, Ectromelia, Infectious pathology, Female, Immunity, Innate, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Species Specificity, Ectromelia, Infectious etiology, Poxviridae Infections etiology
- Abstract
The pathogenesis of mousepox due to infection with ectromelia virus strain NIH-79 was characterized in genetically susceptible (BALB/cAnNCr) and genetically resistant (C57BL/6NCr) mice. BALB/c mice inoculated subcutaneous (s.c.) or intranasally (i.n.) had high mortality. Most mice died within 7 days from severe necrosis of the spleen and liver. Necrotic foci in livers of BALB/c mice that survived beyond 7 days often were accompanied by mononuclear cell infiltrates and by hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues. C57BL/6 mice inoculated by either route remained asymptomatic and necrotic lesions were mild or absent, whereas focal non-suppurative hepatitis and lymphoid hyperplasia were prominent. Infectious virus and viral antigen were distributed widely in tissues of BALB/c mice, but had limited distribution in C57BL/6 mice. Both mouse strains had infection of the respiratory tract, genital tract, oral tissues and bone marrow, and BALB/c mice also had infection of the intestines. Both strains also developed serum antibody to vaccinia virus antigen after infection. The results show that ectromelia virus occurs in tissues conducive to mouse to mouse transmission and that the severity and character of mousepox lesions correlate directly with resistance and susceptibility to infection. They also support the concept that cellular immunity contributes to survival from infection.
- Published
- 1987
27. Stability of ectromelia virus strain NIH-79 under various laboratory conditions.
- Author
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Bhatt PN and Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Virology methods, Ectromelia virus physiology
- Abstract
Ectromelia virus strain NIH-79 was suspended in fetal bovine serum (FBS), minimum essential medium, Hanks' base plus 10% FBS (MEMH + FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS plus 50% glycerol (PBS + G). Suspensions were held as liquids or as dry spots at various temperatures. Virus was most stable in FBS and least stable in PBS + G at 4 degrees C, room temperature (23-25 degrees C) or 37 degrees C. Virus held at 4 degrees C was more stable than virus held at higher temperatures, irrespective of supporting medium. Dried spots of blood or serum from ectromelia virus-infected mice remained infectious at room temperature for 11 days and 4 days, respectively. Dried spots of FBS that contained virus were infectious for 5 days, whereas virus retained infectivity for 1 day after drying in other media. Virus was inactivated completely in 10% serum in PBS exposed to 60 degrees C for 30 minutes. Virus was inactivated completely in slices of infected liver and spleen immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 20 hours. These results show that the stability of ectromelia virus strain NIH-79 is medium and temperature dependent and that rapid inactivation occurs after treatments routinely used in diagnostic and research procedures.
- Published
- 1987
28. Diagnostic exercise. Transmissable ileal hyperplasia.
- Author
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Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Cricetinae, Hyperplasia, Ileal Diseases diagnosis, Ileal Diseases pathology, Mesocricetus, Rodent Diseases pathology, Ileal Diseases veterinary, Ileum pathology, Rodent Diseases diagnosis
- Published
- 1979
29. Contamination of transplantable murine tumors with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
- Author
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Bhatt PN, Jacoby RO, and Barthold SW
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Viral isolation & purification, Cell Line, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus immunology, Mice, Neoplasm Transplantation, Neoplasms, Experimental immunology, Sarcoma 180 microbiology, Transplantation, Homologous, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus isolation & purification, Neoplasms, Experimental microbiology
- Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was isolated from a transplantable tumor after mice bearing the tumor began to die prematurely. Tumor lines, mice and laboratory personnel that had an association with the index laboratory were tested for LCMV infection. Testing of tumor lines from the index laboratory and four other laboratories revealed that 16 of 55 tumor samples used in vivo and one of eight tumor samples maintained in vitro were contaminated with LCMV. Laboratory personnel and uninoculated mice that were exposed to infected tumors had no LCMV antibody. The use of carefully monitored seed stocks is recommended to protect transplantable tumors that may be inadvertently contaminated by viruses.
- Published
- 1986
30. Transmission of experimentally-induced rat virus infection.
- Author
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Jacoby RO, Gaertner DJ, Bhatt PN, Paturzo FX, and Smith AL
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral biosynthesis, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Male, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Parvoviridae immunology, Parvoviridae Infections transmission, Pregnancy, Rats, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Parvoviridae Infections veterinary, Rats, Inbred F344, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rodent Diseases transmission
- Abstract
The duration of transmission of rat virus (RV) infection was determined using Sprague-Dawley rats inoculated oronasally as juveniles (4 weeks old) or as infants (2 days old). Contact transmission from rats inoculated as juveniles was detected for 3 weeks, whereas transmission from rats inoculated as infants occurred for 10 weeks. Transmission continued for at least 7 weeks after seroconversion occurred in rats inoculated as infants. Two of three rats that had ceased to transmit infection harbored infectious virus as detected by explantation of kidney. Intrauterine transmission occurred only after pregnant dams were inoculated with large doses of virus and was more efficient when virus was inoculated intravenously than by the oronasal route. Enzyme immunoassay antibody titers to RV in offspring of previously infected dams decreased steadily during the first 13 weeks of life and 27 of 29 offspring tested by immunofluorescence assay at 12 or 13 weeks of age were seronegative. These results indicate that RV was transmitted by rats inoculated as infants for long periods after seroconversion occurred. They also suggest that the offspring of previously-infected dams were not infected. In utero transmission of RV-Y is unlikely to occur after oronasal inoculation unless rats are exposed to large doses of virus.
- Published
- 1988
31. Experimental transmission of atypical ileal hyperplasia of hamsters.
- Author
-
Jacoby RO, Osbaldiston GW, and Jonas AM
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Animals, Bacteria isolation & purification, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Hyperplasia, Intestinal Diseases pathology, Intestinal Diseases transmission, Intestinal Diseases veterinary, Intestinal Mucosa immunology, Intestinal Mucosa pathology, Liver pathology, Lymph Nodes pathology, Male, Rodent Diseases pathology, Spleen pathology, Weaning, Cricetinae, Ileum microbiology, Ileum pathology, Rodent Diseases transmission
- Abstract
Conditions for oral transmission of atypical ileal hyperplasia (AIH) in weanling hamsters were established and 22 passages were made. AIH was transmitted by feeding whole cell-free supernatants of ileal homogenates. The etiologic agent(s) was retained by 0.22 mum pore-size filters and was inactivated by chloroform treatment or by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Enteric bacteria from affected animals also induced AIH, but with a lower morbidity and mortality than following inoculation with ileal extracts. Experimentally induced lesions progressed from marked segmental hyperplasia of ileal mucosa to granulomatous inflammation in underlying connective tissue and muscle tunics. Hyperplastic mucosal epithelium penetrated the muscularis mucosa, but metastases were not detected. Serum antibody from exposed animals reacted specifically, by indirect immunofluorescence, with an intracytoplasmic mucosal cell antigen(s) of autologous and homogolous ileal lesions, but antibody did not react with normal ileal mucosa or with unaffected portions of intestine from animals bearing ileal lesions.
- Published
- 1975
32. Effect of vaccination on the clinical response, pathogenesis and transmission of mousepox.
- Author
-
Bhatt PN and Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Ectromelia virus immunology, Ectromelia, Infectious immunology, Ectromelia, Infectious transmission, Female, Liver pathology, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Necrosis, Poxviridae Infections transmission, Rodent Diseases immunology, Rodent Diseases transmission, Ectromelia, Infectious physiopathology, Poxviridae Infections physiopathology, Poxviridae Infections veterinary, Rodent Diseases physiopathology, Vaccination
- Abstract
The effects of vaccination with the IHD-T strain of vaccinia virus on the course and severity of ectromelia virus infection was investigated in BALB/c mice. Protection from lethal mousepox occurred when mice were vaccinated and challenged on the same day and protection persisted for at least 9 months. Vaccinated mice were not protected from infection or from lesions, but necrotic lesions in vaccinated mice were usually mild and were accompanied by inflammation, whereas necrosis in unvaccinated mice was severe and not accompanied by inflammation. Inoculated feet of previously vaccinated mice contained infectious ectromelia virus for at least 28 days. Vaccinated-challenged mice transmitted infection to non-immune cagemates for up to 2 weeks, but only rarely transmitted virus to vaccinated cagemates. These results emphasize that vaccination protects mice against lethal mousepox, but it does not prevent infection. In addition, vaccination reduces, but does not eliminate, transmission of infection to non-immune and immune mice.
- Published
- 1987
33. Epizootiological observations of natural and experimental infection with sialodacryoadenitis virus in rats.
- Author
-
Bhatt PN and Jacoby RO
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies analysis, Complement Fixation Tests, Coronaviridae Infections immunology, Coronaviridae Infections physiopathology, Coronaviridae Infections transmission, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Male, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Serologic Tests methods, Time Factors, Coronaviridae Infections veterinary, Rodent Diseases transmission
- Abstract
The epizootiology of sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) was studied in experimentally and naturally infected rats. The infectivity of SDA virus (SDAV) in intranasally infected rats was lost by seven days after infection as determined by contact transmission. After experimental infection, SN antibody appeared earlier and titers were detectable longer than CF antibody. The prevalence of SN antibody-positive rats in naturally infected colonies remained high, whereas an increase in the prevalence of CF antibody-positive rats appeared to coincide with the introduction or resurgence of SDAV. A SDAV-free colony was established by allowing recovered dams to litter in a separate room. A spontaneous cessation of SDAV infection also was observed in an enzootically-infected colony. Clinical observations indicated that SDA can occur as a mild or asymptomatic disease, and that its clinical expression may vary from one inbred strain to another.
- Published
- 1985
34. Intrauterine techniques for studying development of the immune response of the fetal dog.
- Author
-
Dennis RA, Jacoby RO, and Griesemer RA
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens administration & dosage, Dog Diseases etiology, Female, Fetal Death veterinary, Fetus surgery, Methods, Pregnancy, Skin Transplantation, Thymectomy veterinary, Thymus Gland physiology, Transplantation, Autologous, Dogs, Fetus immunology, Uterus surgery
- Published
- 1968
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