6 results on '"Sims L"'
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2. Lessons learned from Asian H5N1 outbreak control.
- Author
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Sims LD
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Animals, Asia epidemiology, Birds, Environment, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype isolation & purification, Influenza Vaccines immunology, Influenza in Birds prevention & control, Population Surveillance, Socioeconomic Factors, Communicable Disease Control methods, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype physiology, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Influenza in Birds virology
- Abstract
Numerous lessons have been learned so far in controlling H5N1 avian influenza in Asia. Early detection of incursions of virus prevented establishment of the disease in several countries, notably Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia. In countries where detection of early cases was delayed, infection is endemic and has been for three or more years. Control measures implemented in these countries need to reflect this finding. Vaccination will continue to be one of the key measures used in these endemically infected countries. Used alone, vaccination will not result in elimination of H5N1 viruses from a country, but, if used correctly, it will markedly reduce the prevalence of and susceptibility to infection. Vaccination has already played a valuable role in reducing the adverse effects of H5N1 viruses. Mass culling also reduces the level of infection in infected areas. However, the long-term benefits are limited in endemically infected countries owing to the high probability of reinfection on restocking unless other measures are used in parallel. Full epidemiological studies have not been conducted in many infected countries. Nevertheless, it is recognized that the number of clinical cases does not truly reflect the levels of infection. Domestic ducks and large live poultry markets have played a key role in the persistence of infection, because they can be infected silently. In tackling this disease, countries should adopt integrated control programs using the combination of measures best suited to the local environment. All surveillance data should be shared, both positive and negative, and should include information on cases of infection and disease. Socioeconomic and ecological implications of all control measures should be assessed before implementation, especially the impact on the rural poor.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. An update on avian influenza in Hong Kong 2002.
- Author
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Sims LD, Guan Y, Ellis TM, Liu KK, Dyrting K, Wong H, Kung NY, Shortridge KF, and Peiris M
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Geography, Hong Kong epidemiology, Influenza A virus genetics, Influenza A virus pathogenicity, Meat virology, Poultry, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Poultry Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by multiple genotypes of H5N1 virus occurred in Hong Kong, commencing in January 2002. Infection in local chicken farms was preceded by the detection of virus in multiple retail markets and the main poultry wholesale market. The first case of this disease on a local farm was detected on February 1, 2002. By February 9, 2002, 15 farms were infected, and by late March a total of 22 infected farms had been identified. Three main clusters of infected farms were seen, suggesting multiple incursions of virus, and subsequent limited lateral spread to neighboring firms. Control of this disease has been effected through a combination of quarantine, tightening of biosecurity measures, and depopulation of infected and contact farms. About 950,000 birds have been destroyed. Vaccination using a killed H5 vaccine was introduced in April 2002 to farms in one zone where infection has persisted. None of the viruses isolated contained the internal genes found in the 1997 H5N1 virus.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Reassortants of H5N1 influenza viruses recently isolated from aquatic poultry in Hong Kong SAR.
- Author
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Guan Y, Peiris JS, Poon LL, Dyrting KC, Ellis TM, Sims L, Webster RG, and Shortridge KF
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Reservoirs veterinary, Ducks virology, Geese virology, Hong Kong, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds virology, Poultry Diseases virology, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype, Influenza A virus classification, Poultry virology
- Abstract
The H5N1 virus (H5N1/97) that caused the bird flu incident in Hong Kong in 1997 has not been isolated since the poultry slaughter in late 1997. But the donor of its H5 hemagglutinin gene, Goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/Gd/96-like) virus, established a distinct lineage and continued to circulate in geese in the area. In 2000, a virus from the Goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage was isolated for the first time from domestic ducks. Subsequently, it has undergone reassortment, and these novel reassortants now appear to have replaced Gs/Gd/96-like viruses from its reservoir in geese and from ducks. The internal gene constellation is also different from H5N1/97, but these variants have the potential for further reassortment events that may allow the interspecies transmission of the virus.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Avian influenza in Hong Kong 1997-2002.
- Author
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Sims LD, Ellis TM, Liu KK, Dyrting K, Wong H, Peiris M, Guan Y, and Shortridge KF
- Subjects
- Animals, Chickens, Hong Kong epidemiology, Humans, Poultry Diseases virology, Disease Outbreaks veterinary, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza A virus pathogenicity, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Meat virology, Poultry Diseases epidemiology, Zoonoses virology
- Abstract
In 1997, a high-pathogenicity H5N1 avian influenza virus caused serious disease in both man and poultry in Hong Kong, China. Eighteen human cases of disease were recorded, six of which were fatal. This unique virus was eliminated through total depopulation of all poultry markets and chicken farms in December 1997. Other outbreaks of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by H5N1 viruses occurred in poultry in 2001 and 2002. These H5N1 viruses isolated had different internal gene constellations to those isolated in 1997. No new cases of infection or disease in man due to these or other H5N1 viruses have been reported. This paper provides an overview and chronology of the events in Hong Kong relating to avian influenza, covering the period from March 1997 to March 2002.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The impact of a monthly rest day on avian influenza virus isolation rates in retail live poultry markets in Hong Kong.
- Author
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Kung NY, Guan Y, Perkins NR, Bissett L, Ellis T, Sims L, Morris RS, Shortridge KF, and Peiris JS
- Subjects
- Animals, Hong Kong, Influenza A virus classification, Influenza in Birds epidemiology, Poultry Diseases diagnosis, Poultry Diseases epidemiology, Seasons, Food Handling standards, Influenza A virus isolation & purification, Influenza in Birds diagnosis, Poultry virology, Poultry Diseases virology
- Abstract
Retail live poultry markets (LPMs) may act as a reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIV). In this study we test the hypothesis that a rest day in the LPMs where the stalls are completely emptied of poultry, cleansed, and restocked will reduce the isolation rates of avian influenza viruses. The isolation rate of H9N2 subtype viruses from chicken was significantly lower after the rest day than prior to it, indicating its impact in reducing transmission. In contrast, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolation rates appear unaffected by this intervention, possibly reflecting differences in herd immunity or virus transmission dynamics.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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