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1. The LSST DESC DC2 Simulated Sky Survey

Author

Kevin Reil, Adrian Pope, Kyle Chard, Mustapha Ishak, D. Boutigny, Humna Awan, H. Kelly, Laurent Le Guillou, W. Michael Wood-Vasey, Eli S. Rykoff, Stéphane Plaszczynski, Rahul Biswas, Richard Dubois, Saurabh Jha, Danila Korytov, C. W. Walter, J. Anthony Tyson, Katrin Heitmann, T. Glanzman, Fabio Hernandez, François Lanusse, F. Javier Sánchez, Joe Zuntz, Željko Ivezić, Marc Moniez, Yadu Babuji, HyeYun Park, Christopher W. Stubbs, Franz E. Bauer, Phillipe Gris, Chuck Claver, Paul O'Connor, J. Meyers, Christopher B. Morrison, George Beckett, Joseph Hollowed, Seth Digel, Andrew Rasmussen, Céline Combet, Phil Marshall, Éric Aubourg, Rachel Mandelbaum, J. Perry, Mike Jarvis, Thomas D. Uram, K. Simon Krughoff, Johann Cohen-Tanugi, Scott F. Daniel, Yao-Yuan Mao, Matthew P. Wiesner, James Chiang, Bela Abolfathi, Daniel Scolnic, Craig S. Lage, Ji Won Park, Steven M. Kahn, Eric Gawiser, Antonio Villarreal, A. Roodman, E. Gangler, Nan Li, Rachel Bean, David Alonso, Emily Phillips Longley, Andrei Nomerotski, Andrew P. Hearin, Salman Habib, Daniel Perrefort, Andrew J. Connolly, J. Peloton, J. Bryce Kalmbach, Eve Kovacs, Patricia Larsen, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Renée Hložek, Robert Armstrong, J.R. Bogart, Samuel Schmidt, Robert H. Lupton, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3 (CC-IN2P3), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LSST Dark Energy Science, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Data products, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Image processing software, Sky surveys, 01 natural sciences, Field (computer science), Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, N-body simulations, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Deep drilling, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common, Remote sensing, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Testbed, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmology, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Simulated data, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We describe the simulated sky survey underlying the second data challenge (DC2) carried out in preparation for analysis of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) by the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration (LSST DESC). Significant connections across multiple science domains will be a hallmark of LSST; the DC2 program represents a unique modeling effort that stresses this interconnectivity in a way that has not been attempted before. This effort encompasses a full end-to-end approach: starting from a large N-body simulation, through setting up LSST-like observations including realistic cadences, through image simulations, and finally processing with Rubin's LSST Science Pipelines. This last step ensures that we generate data products resembling those to be delivered by the Rubin Observatory as closely as is currently possible. The simulated DC2 sky survey covers six optical bands in a wide-fast-deep (WFD) area of approximately 300 deg^2 as well as a deep drilling field (DDF) of approximately 1 deg^2. We simulate 5 years of the planned 10-year survey. The DC2 sky survey has multiple purposes. First, the LSST DESC working groups can use the dataset to develop a range of DESC analysis pipelines to prepare for the advent of actual data. Second, it serves as a realistic testbed for the image processing software under development for LSST by the Rubin Observatory. In particular, simulated data provide a controlled way to investigate certain image-level systematic effects. Finally, the DC2 sky survey enables the exploration of new scientific ideas in both static and time-domain cosmology., 39 pages, 19 figures, version accepted for publication in ApJS

Published
2021

2. Search for Cross‐Correlations of Ultrahigh‐Energy Cosmic Rays with BL Lacertae Objects

Author

S. A. Blake, J. D. Smith, Kevin Reil, D. Rodriguez, M. D. Roberts, R. Snow, C. M. Hoffman, G. Sinnis, Y. Fedorova, S. Westerhoff, K. Kim, E. J. Mannel, John N. Matthews, B.M. Connolly, Konstantin Belov, G. Archbold, N. Manago, W. Deng, Lawrence Wiencke, P. Hüntemeyer, Segev BenZvi, Dale Tupa, C. B. Finley, M. Seman, J. A.J. Matthews, R. W. Springer, K. Martens, Gareth Hughes, A. Zech, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, M. Sasaki, Steve Schnetzer, M. M. Maestas, G. W. Burt, B. C. Knapp, Gordon Thomson, James F. Amann, J. Findlay, Douglas Bergman, John Belz, Pierre Sokolsky, L. J. Marek, C. C. H. Jui, R. Riehle, Michael H. Holzscheiter, S. B. Thomas, William Hanlon, Rasha Abbasi, A. O’Neill, B. T. Stokes, J. R. Thomas, Z. Cao, J. H. Boyer, M. A. Kirn, C. A. Painter, E. C. Loh, and L. Perera

Subjects
Physics, Active galactic nucleus, genetic structures, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High resolution, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Galaxy, Correlation, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Ultrahigh energy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, health care economics and organizations
Abstract

Data taken in stereo mode by the High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) air fluorescence experiment are analyzed to search for correlations between the arrival directions of ultra--high-energy cosmic rays with the positions of BL Lacertae objects. Several previous claims of significant correlations between BL Lacs and cosmic rays observed by other experiments are tested. These claims are not supported by the HiRes data. However, we verify a recent analysis of correlations between HiRes events and a subset of confirmed BL Lacs from the 10th Veron Catalog, and we study this correlation in detail. Due to the a posteriori nature of the search, the significance level cannot be reliably estimated and the correlation must be tested independently before any claim can be made. We identify the precise hypotheses that will be tested with statistically independent data., Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, submitted to ApJ

Published
2006

3. A Study of the Composition of Ultra–High‐Energy Cosmic Rays Using the High‐Resolution Fly’s Eye

Author

M. Seman, R. Riehle, M. D. Roberts, A. O’Neill, J. A.J. Matthews, B.M. Connolly, J. Findlay, C. Song, B. C. Knapp, John Belz, Y. Fedorova, J. D. Smith, L. Perera, R. Snow, Gareth Hughes, E. J. Mannel, R. W. Springer, C. C. H. Jui, J. R. Thomas, S. Westerhoff, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, K. Kim, G. Martin, B. T. Stokes, Segev BenZvi, Steve Schnetzer, S. B. Thomas, Jose A. Bellido, K. Martens, J. H. Boyer, Bruce R. Dawson, Roger W Clay, M. M. Maetas, A. Zech, Pierre Sokolsky, W. Deng, C. B. Finley, Douglas Bergman, Gordon Thomson, Z. Cao, Lawrence Wiencke, Konstantin Belov, P. Hüntemeyer, M. A. Kirn, K. M. Simpson, John N. Matthews, R. W. Atkins, Kevin Reil, G. W. Burt, E. C. Loh, N. Manago, M. Sasaki, G. Archbold, William Hanlon, and Rasha Abbasi

Subjects
Physics, Photomultiplier, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hadron, Resolution (electron density), Monte Carlo method, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 3. Good health, Nuclear physics, Particle acceleration, Space and Planetary Science, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract

The composition of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) is measured with the High Resolution Fly's Eye cosmic ray observatory (HiRes) data using the Xmax technique. Data were collected in stereo between 1999 November and 2001 September. The data are reconstructed with well-determined geometry. Measurements of the atmospheric transmission are incorporated in the reconstruction. The detector resolution is found to be 30 g cm^-2 in Xmax and 13% in Energy. The Xmax elongation rate between 10^18.0 eV and 10^19.4 eV is measured to be 54.5 +/- 6.5 (stat) +/- 4.5 (sys) g cm^-2 per decade. This is compared to predictions using the QGSJet01 and SIBYLL 2.1 hadronic interaction models for both protons and iron nuclei. CORSIKA-generated Extensive Air Showers (EAS) are incorporated directly into a detailed detector Monte Carlo program. The elongation rate and the Xmax distribution widths are consistent with a constant or slowly changing and predominantly light composition. A simple model containing only protons and iron nuclei is compared to QGSJet and SIBYLL. The best agreement between the model and the data is at 80% protons for QGSJet and 60% protons for SIBYLL., Comment: 52 pages, 27 figures. Revised Fig. 10 caption, improved Fig. 23, resubmitted to ApJ. (Previously revised to address referee's comments.) (Originally 37 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to ApJ)

Published
2005

4. Study of Small-Scale Anisotropy of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays Observed in Stereo by the High Resolution Fly's Eye Detector

Author

Douglas Bergman, J. A.J. Matthews, J. D. Smith, R. Snow, M. A. Kirn, C. Song, Kevin Reil, B. C. Knapp, R. W. Springer, Jose A. Bellido, W. Deng, S. Westerhoff, Gordon Thomson, L. J. Marek, G. Archbold, K. Kim, M. M. Maestas, M. Seman, R. Riehle, C. A. Painter, Michael H. Holzscheiter, Dale Tupa, C. C. H. Jui, Lawrence Wiencke, John N. Matthews, Pierre Sokolsky, R. W. Atkins, James F. Amann, S. B. Thomas, M. Sasaki, Segev BenZvi, M. D. Roberts, Z. Cao, Roger W Clay, E. J. Mannel, C. M. Hoffman, G. Sinnis, E. C. Loh, William Hanlon, Y. Fedorova, Rasha Abbasi, Konstantin Belov, A. O’Neill, K. M. Simpson, C. B. Finley, Steve Schnetzer, L. Perera, N. Manago, J. Findlay, John Belz, B. T. Stokes, J. H. Boyer, Bruce R. Dawson, J. R. Thomas, Gareth Hughes, Tareq Abu-Zayyad, G. W. Burt, B.M. Connolly, P. Hüntemeyer, K. Martens, and A. Zech

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, Particle acceleration, Correlation function (statistical mechanics), Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Angular resolution, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, Anisotropy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract

The High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) experiment is an air fluorescence detector which, operating in stereo mode, has a typical angular resolution of 06 and is sensitive to cosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV. The HiRes cosmic-ray detector is thus an excellent instrument for the study of the arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. We present the results of a search for anisotropies in the distribution of arrival directions on small scales ( 1019 eV). The search is based on data recorded between 1999 December and 2004 January, with a total of 271 events above 1019 eV. No small-scale anisotropy is found, and the strongest clustering found in the HiRes stereo data is consistent at the 52% level with the null hypothesis of isotropically distributed arrival directions.

Published
2004

5. SEARCHING FOR DARK MATTER ANNIHILATION IN RECENTLY DISCOVERED MILKY WAY SATELLITES WITHFERMI-LAT

Author

Eric H. Neilsen, Gary Bernstein, Martin Crocce, Jennifer L. Marshall, D. A. Finley, Arnauld Albert, E. Bertin, Christopher J. Miller, F. B. Abdalla, E. Suchyta, August E. Evrard, H. T. Diehl, Tim Eifler, J. Carretero, Daniel A. Goldstein, Steve Kent, A. Benoit-Lévy, Mackenna L. Wood, Flavia Sobreira, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Robert Connon Smith, Daniel Gruen, Marcio A. G. Maia, Des Collaborations, D. L. Burke, J. P. Dietrich, Keith Bechtol, Alistair R. Walker, Marcelle Soares-Santos, M. March, Basilio X. Santiago, M. Carrasco Kind, Carlos E. Cunha, Brian Nord, Brandon Anderson, C. B. D'Andrea, B. Flaugher, Manuel Meyer, D. W. Gerdes, Ramon Miquel, Robert A. Gruendl, Kevin Reil, Miguel A. Sánchez-Conde, Gregory Tarle, Ofer Lahav, A. K. Romer, Michael Schubnell, Paul Martini, Fermi-LAT, A. Fausti Neto, David J. Brooks, A. Carnero Rosell, Rebecca A. Bernstein, A. A. Plazas, K. Honscheid, T. M. C. Abbott, Louis E. Strigari, Vinu Vikram, E. J. Sanchez, Ricardo L. C. Ogando, Risa H. Wechsler, Tianjun Li, David J. James, Joshua A. Frieman, Pablo Fosalba, M. E. C. Swanson, E. S. Rykoff, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, N. Kuropatkin, Shantanu Desai, L. N. da Costa, Kyler Kuehn, P. Doel, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fermi-LAT, DES, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris ( IAP ), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )

Subjects
galaxies [Gamma rays], [ PHYS.ASTR ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Flux, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Via láctea, Satellite galaxy, Matéria escura, gamma ray: flux, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, education.field_of_study, Annihilation, scaling, galaxies: dwarf, gamma ray: emission, kinematics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmology and Gravitation, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Milky Way, satellite, Dark matter, Population, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, GLAST, dark matter, cross section: annihilation, gamma rays: galaxies, 0103 physical sciences, Aglomerados globulares, Galáxias, education, STFC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, background, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, dark matter: mass, gamma ray: flux: upper limit, RCUK, dark matter: annihilation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, sensitivity, Galaxy, dwarf [Galaxies], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, galaxy, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Abstract

We search for excess gamma-ray emission coincident with the positions of confirmed and candidate Milky Way satellite galaxies using 6 years of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). Our sample of 45 stellar systems includes 28 kinematically confirmed dark-matter-dominated dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) and 17 recently discovered systems that have photometric characteristics consistent with the population of known dSphs. For each of these targets, the relative predicted gamma-ray flux due to dark matter annihilation is taken from kinematic analysis if available, and estimated from a distance-based scaling relation otherwise, assuming that the stellar systems are dark-matter-dominated dSphs. LAT data coincident with four of the newly discovered targets show a slight preference (each ~$2 \sigma$ local) for gamma-ray emission in excess of the background. However, the ensemble of derived gamma-ray flux upper limits for individual targets is consistent with the expectation from analyzing random blank-sky regions, and a combined analysis of the population of stellar systems yields no globally significant excess (global significance $, Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ, public data files and example analysis scripts available at https://www-glast.stanford.edu/pub_data/1203/

Published
2017

6. DISCOVERY OF A STELLAR OVERDENSITY IN ERIDANUS–PHOENIX IN THE DARK ENERGY SURVEY

Author

Darren L. DePoy, G. Gutierrez, A. Roodman, Daniel Gruen, J. Carretero, A. Benoit-Lévy, Ofer Lahav, M. E. C. Swanson, Peter Doel, Alex Drlica-Wagner, E. Suchyta, Nicholas Mondrik, H. T. Diehl, K. Honscheid, V. Scarpine, Yanming Zhang, A. A. Plazas, Joshua A. Frieman, D. Oscar, E. Bertin, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, B. Flaugher, N. Kuropatkin, M. Carrasco Kind, L. N. da Costa, J. D. Simon, Gary Bernstein, Kevin Reil, Juan Estrada, A. Carnero Rosell, David J. Brooks, Brian Yanny, Jennifer L. Marshall, A. K. Vivas, Alistair R. Walker, Mei-Yu Wang, Robert Connon Smith, Shantanu Desai, Tianjun Li, Marcelle Soares-Santos, Eduardo Balbinot, F. B. Abdalla, Flavia Sobreira, D. L. Burke, Gregory Tarle, D. A. Finley, David J. James, Robert A. Gruendl, Michael Schubnell, M. March, Basilio X. Santiago, Douglas L. Tucker, Kyler Kuehn, M. A. G. Maia, A. K. Romer, Paul Martini, Ricardo L. C. Ogando, Keith Bechtol, T. M. C. Abbott, and E. J. Sanchez

Subjects
Stellar population, Milky Way, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Via láctea, 0103 physical sciences, Galaxy formation and evolution, halo [Galaxy], Local group, Eridanus, Galáxias, 10. No inequality, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB, Dwarf galaxy, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Local Group, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, formation [Galaxy], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Globular cluster, structure [Galaxy]
Abstract

We report the discovery of an excess of main sequence turn-off stars in the direction of the constellations of Eridanus and Phoenix from the first year data of the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The Eridanus-Phoenix (EriPhe) overdensity is centered around l~285 deg and b~-60 deg and spans at least 30 deg in longitude and 10 deg in latitude. The Poisson significance of the detection is at least 9 sigma. The stellar population in the overdense region is similar in brightness and color to that of the nearby globular cluster NGC 1261, indicating that the heliocentric distance of EriPhe is about d~16 kpc. The extent of EriPhe in projection is therefore at least ~4 kpc by ~3 kpc. On the sky, this overdensity is located between NGC 1261 and a new stellar stream discovered by DES at a similar heliocentric distance, the so-called Phoenix Stream. Given their similar distance and proximity to each other, it is possible that these three structures may be kinematically associated. Alternatively, the EriPhe overdensity is morphologically similar to the Virgo overdensity and the Hercules-Aquila cloud, which also lie at a similar Galactocentric distance. These three overdensities lie along a polar plane separated by ~120 deg and may share a common origin. Spectroscopic follow-up observations of the stars in EriPhe are required to fully understand the nature of this overdensity., 11 pages, 5 figures, Accepted by ApJ. See also Balbinot et al. "The Phoenix stream: a cold stream in the Southern hemisphere"

Published
2016

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