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Considering the much lower price of Ru compared with Pt, Ru-based catalysts are potential alternatives for the hydrogen evolution reaction, and developing a low-cost carrier and reducing the size of Ru nanoparticles are useful strategies to promote the usage of Ru-based catalysts. In this work, we report a facile method to prepare 3D hierarchical carbon with highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles using zinc citrate as the carbon precursor. Combined with the fast mass transport provided by the 3D hierarchical carbon and the high activity of ultrafine Ru nanoparticles, the prepared Ru–C catalyst exhibits remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity over a wide pH range, with overpotentials of 33, 50, and 90 mV in 0.5 M H2SO4, 1 M KOH, and 1 M phosphate-buffered saline, respectively, comparable to commercial Pt/C and surpassing many Ru-based electrocatalysts. This work provides an alternative route for preparing highly efficient HER catalysts based on the application of low-cost organic zinc salts as the carbon precursor, which is very attractive for large-scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombus and cardiovascular diseases pose a significant health threat, and dietary interventions have shown promising potential in reducing the incidence of these diseases. Marine bioactive proteins and peptides have been extensively studied for their antithrombotic properties. They can inhibit platelet activation and aggregation by binding to key receptors on the platelet surface. Additionally, they can competitively anchor to critical enzyme sites, leading to the inhibition of coagulation factors. Marine microorganisms also offer alternative sources for the development of novel fibrinolytic proteins, which can help dissolve blood clots. The advancements in technologies, such as targeted hydrolysis, specific purification, and encapsulation, have provided a solid foundation for the industrialization of bioactive peptides. These techniques enable precise control over the production and delivery of bioactive peptides, enhancing their efficacy and safety. However, it is important to note that further research and clinical studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of marine bioactive proteins and peptides in mitigating thrombotic events. The challenges and future application perspectives of these bioactive peptides also need to be explored.