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3. Storing and Reading Information in Mixtures of Fluorescent Molecules

Author

Brian J. Cafferty, Milan Mrksich, Alexei S. Ten, Amit A. Nagarkar, Douglas S. Richardson, George M. Whitesides, Michael J. Fink, and Samuel E. Root

Subjects
Microscope, Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Reading (computer), Digital data, Analytical chemistry, Byte, General Chemistry, Fluorescence, Fluorescence spectroscopy, law.invention, Chemistry, law, Molecule, QD1-999, Inkjet printing, Research Article
Abstract

The rapidly increasing use of digital technologies requires the rethinking of methods to store data. This work shows that digital data can be stored in mixtures of fluorescent dye molecules, which are deposited on a surface by inkjet printing, where an amide bond tethers the dye molecules to the surface. A microscope equipped with a multichannel fluorescence detector distinguishes individual dyes in the mixture. The presence or absence of these molecules in the mixture encodes binary information (i.e., “0” or “1”). The use of mixtures of molecules, instead of sequence-defined macromolecules, minimizes the time and difficulty of synthesis and eliminates the requirement of sequencing. We have written, stored, and read a total of approximately 400 kilobits (both text and images) with greater than 99% recovery of information, written at an average rate of 128 bits/s (16 bytes/s) and read at a rate of 469 bits/s (58.6 bytes/s)., Digital data can be stored in mixtures of fluorescent dye molecules tethered to a polymeric surface. Inkjet printing of small molecules coupled with fluorescence output can store and read the data.

Published
2021

17. Molecules As Components of Electronic Devices

Author

Marya Lieberman, M. Lieberman, R. Lloyd Carroll, Ryan Fuierer, Christopher B. Gorman, Michael L. Chabinyc, R. Erik Holmlin, Rainer Haag, Xiaoxi Chen, Rustem F. Ismagilov, Maria A. Rampi, George M. Whitesides, Scott M. Reed, Robert S. Clegg, James E. Hutchison, Kristian M. Roth, Zhiming Liu, Daniel T. Gryko, Christian Clausen, Jonathan S. Lindsey, David F. Bocian, Werner G. Kuhr, A. M. Napper, Haiying Liu, H. Yamamoto, D. Khoshtariya, D. H. Waldeck, Gregory Dutton, X.-Y. Zhu, Itamar Willner, Andrew N. Shipway, Bilha Willner, Gregory V. Hartland, Steve Guillaudeu, Jose H. Hodak, Henrik Lindström,, Gerrit Boschloo, Sten-Eric Lindquist, Anders Hagfeldt, C. L. Donley, D. R. Dunphy, W. J. Doherty, R. A. P. Zangmeister, A. S. Drager, D. F. O'Brien, S. S. Saavedra, N. R. Armstrong, Carlo A. Bignozzi, Gerald J. Meyer, Linda S. Sapochak, Flocerfida L. Endrino, Jeffrey B. Marshall, Daniel P. Fogarty, Nancy M. Washton, Sanjini Nanayakkara, Matthew R. Robinson, Guillermo C. Bazan, Allan J. Heeger, Marie B. O'Regan, Shujun Wang, Marshall D. Newton, M. Di Vent, Marya Lieberman, M. Lieberman, R. Lloyd Carroll, Ryan Fuierer, Christopher B. Gorman, Michael L. Chabinyc, R. Erik Holmlin, Rainer Haag, Xiaoxi Chen, Rustem F. Ismagilov, Maria A. Rampi, George M. Whitesides, Scott M. Reed, Robert S. Clegg, James E. Hutchison, Kristian M. Roth, Zhiming Liu, Daniel T. Gryko, Christian Clausen, Jonathan S. Lindsey, David F. Bocian, Werner G. Kuhr, A. M. Napper, Haiying Liu, H. Yamamoto, D. Khoshtariya, D. H. Waldeck, Gregory Dutton, X.-Y. Zhu, Itamar Willner, Andrew N. Shipway, Bilha Willner, Gregory V. Hartland, Steve Guillaudeu, Jose H. Hodak, Henrik Lindström,, Gerrit Boschloo, Sten-Eric Lindquist, Anders Hagfeldt, C. L. Donley, D. R. Dunphy, W. J. Doherty, R. A. P. Zangmeister, A. S. Drager, D. F. O'Brien, S. S. Saavedra, N. R. Armstrong, Carlo A. Bignozzi, Gerald J. Meyer, Linda S. Sapochak, Flocerfida L. Endrino, Jeffrey B. Marshall, Daniel P. Fogarty, Nancy M. Washton, Sanjini Nanayakkara, Matthew R. Robinson, Guillermo C. Bazan, Allan J. Heeger, Marie B. O'Regan, Shujun Wang, Marshall D. Newton, and M. Di Vent

Subjects
Molecular electronics
Published
2003

25. Enzymatic Conversion of Biomass for Fuels Production

Author

MICHAEL E. HIMMEL, JOHN O. BAKER, RALPH P. OVEREND, John J. Sheehan, Jin Duck Bok, Steven K. Goers, Douglas E. Eveleigh, Mike Spezio, P. Andrew Karplus, Diana Irwin, David B. Wilson, T. R. Donner, B. R. Evans, K. A. Affholter, J. Woodward, Kristiina Kruus, William K. Wang, Pei-Ching Chiu, Joting Ching, Tzuu-Yi Wang, J. H. David Wu, David A. Brummell, Coralie C. Lashbrook, Alan B. Bennett, Christian Paech, V. Renganathan, Wenjun Bao, George P. Philippidis, William S. Adney, Christine I. Ehrman, Steven R. Thomas, Rafael A. Nieves, Roberta J. Todd, Robert P. Ellis, G. Duncan Hitchens, Tom D. Rogers, Oliver J. Murphy, Comer O. Patterson, Ralph H. Hearn, P. G. Roessler, L. M. Brown, T. G. Dunahay, D. A. Heacox, E. E. Jarvis, J. C. Schneider, S. G. Talbot, K. G. Zeiler, G. Tayhas R. Palmore, George M. Whitesides, James D. McMillan, L. P. Ramos, J. N. Saddler, Stephen K. Picataggio, Min Zhang, Mark Finkelstein, Michael H. Penner, Ean-Tun Liaw, K. Grohmann, R. J. Bothast, Linda L. Henk, James C. Linden, Christopher J. Rivard, Nicholas J. Nagle, Abolghasem, MICHAEL E. HIMMEL, JOHN O. BAKER, RALPH P. OVEREND, John J. Sheehan, Jin Duck Bok, Steven K. Goers, Douglas E. Eveleigh, Mike Spezio, P. Andrew Karplus, Diana Irwin, David B. Wilson, T. R. Donner, B. R. Evans, K. A. Affholter, J. Woodward, Kristiina Kruus, William K. Wang, Pei-Ching Chiu, Joting Ching, Tzuu-Yi Wang, J. H. David Wu, David A. Brummell, Coralie C. Lashbrook, Alan B. Bennett, Christian Paech, V. Renganathan, Wenjun Bao, George P. Philippidis, William S. Adney, Christine I. Ehrman, Steven R. Thomas, Rafael A. Nieves, Roberta J. Todd, Robert P. Ellis, G. Duncan Hitchens, Tom D. Rogers, Oliver J. Murphy, Comer O. Patterson, Ralph H. Hearn, P. G. Roessler, L. M. Brown, T. G. Dunahay, D. A. Heacox, E. E. Jarvis, J. C. Schneider, S. G. Talbot, K. G. Zeiler, G. Tayhas R. Palmore, George M. Whitesides, James D. McMillan, L. P. Ramos, J. N. Saddler, Stephen K. Picataggio, Min Zhang, Mark Finkelstein, Michael H. Penner, Ean-Tun Liaw, K. Grohmann, R. J. Bothast, Linda L. Henk, James C. Linden, Christopher J. Rivard, Nicholas J. Nagle, and Abolghasem

Subjects
Biomass energy--Congresses, Enzymes--Industrial applications--Congresses
Published
1994

26. Supramolecular Architecture

Author

THOMAS BEIN, John P. Folkers, Jonathan A. Zerkowski, Paul E. Laibinis, Christopher T. Seto, George M. Whitesides, H. E. Katz, M. L. Schilling, S. Ungashe, T. M. Putvinski, C. E. Chidsey, DeQuan Li, Sara C. Huckett, Tracey Frankcom, M. T. Paffett, J. D. Farr, M. E. Hawley, S. Gottesfeld, J. D. Thompson, Carol J. Burns, Basil I. Swanson, R. E. Des Enfants, Teddy A. Martinez, M. Keith De Armond, Peter C. Rieke, Barbara J. Tarasevich, Susan B. Bentjen, Glen E. Fryxell, Allison A. Campbell, Bruce Parkinson, Jean Rouxel, P. Palvadeau, M. Queignec, B. Bujoli, Abraham Clearfield, Mark Kuchenmeister, Chi-Li Lin, Ton Lee, Thomas J. Pinnavaia, K. A. Carrado, K. B. Anderson, P. S. Grutkoski, David A. Burwell, Mark E. Thompson, C. Yolanda Ortiz-Avila, M. G. Kanatzidis, C.-G. Wu, H. O. Marcy, D. C. DeGroot, J. L. Schindler, C. R. Kannewurf, M. Benz, E. LeGoff, Deborah J. Jones, Raja El Mejjad, Jacques Rozière, Michael D. Ward, Jay A. Switzer, Richard J. Phillips, Ryne P. Raffaelle, Richard Robson, Brendan F. Abrahams, Stuart R. Batten, Robert W. Gable, Bernard F, THOMAS BEIN, John P. Folkers, Jonathan A. Zerkowski, Paul E. Laibinis, Christopher T. Seto, George M. Whitesides, H. E. Katz, M. L. Schilling, S. Ungashe, T. M. Putvinski, C. E. Chidsey, DeQuan Li, Sara C. Huckett, Tracey Frankcom, M. T. Paffett, J. D. Farr, M. E. Hawley, S. Gottesfeld, J. D. Thompson, Carol J. Burns, Basil I. Swanson, R. E. Des Enfants, Teddy A. Martinez, M. Keith De Armond, Peter C. Rieke, Barbara J. Tarasevich, Susan B. Bentjen, Glen E. Fryxell, Allison A. Campbell, Bruce Parkinson, Jean Rouxel, P. Palvadeau, M. Queignec, B. Bujoli, Abraham Clearfield, Mark Kuchenmeister, Chi-Li Lin, Ton Lee, Thomas J. Pinnavaia, K. A. Carrado, K. B. Anderson, P. S. Grutkoski, David A. Burwell, Mark E. Thompson, C. Yolanda Ortiz-Avila, M. G. Kanatzidis, C.-G. Wu, H. O. Marcy, D. C. DeGroot, J. L. Schindler, C. R. Kannewurf, M. Benz, E. LeGoff, Deborah J. Jones, Raja El Mejjad, Jacques Rozière, Michael D. Ward, Jay A. Switzer, Richard J. Phillips, Ryne P. Raffaelle, Richard Robson, Brendan F. Abrahams, Stuart R. Batten, Robert W. Gable, and Bernard F

Subjects
Thin films, Multilayered, Layer structure (Solids), Inorganic compounds--Synthesis, Organic compounds--Synthesis
Published
1992

27. Macromolecular Assemblies in Polymeric Systems

Author

PIETER STROEVE, ANNA C. BALAZS, R. C. Advincula, M. J. Roberts, X. Zhang, A. Blumstein, R. S. Duran, A. F. Thibodeaux, H. Ringsdorf, A. Schuster, A. Skoulios, P. Gramain, W. Ford, Huanchun Zhou, R. H. G. Brinkhuis, A. J. Schouten, M. Rikukawa, M. F. Rubner, A. T. Royappa, Roni Koren, L. B. Coleman, J. D. Stenger-Smith, J. M. Hoover, R. A. Henry, G. A. Lindsay, M. P. Nadler, S. F. Nee, M. D. Seltzer, David D. Saperstein, John F. Rabolt, Robert W. Johnson, Paula A. Cornelio-Clark, Joseph A. Gardella, Shulei Zhao, W. M. Reichert, M. J. Gálvez-Ruiz, M. A. Cabrerizo-Vilchez, Valerie C. Anderson, David H. Thompson, J. P. Huruguen, T. Zemb, C. Petit, M. P. Pileni, Muriel S. Prouty, Charles R. Leidner, Dale H. Patterson, William M. Scheper, Min D. Liu, Mark W. Grinstaff, Kenneth S. Suslick, Kevin L. Prime, Yen-Ho Chu, Walther Schmid, Christopher T. Seto, James K. Chen, Andreas Spaltenstein, Jonathan A. Zerkowski, George M. Whitesides, J. A. N. Zasadzinski, J. T. Woodward, M. L. Longo, B. Dixon-Northern, Vincent B. Pizziconi, Darren L. Page, E. Chiellini, G, PIETER STROEVE, ANNA C. BALAZS, R. C. Advincula, M. J. Roberts, X. Zhang, A. Blumstein, R. S. Duran, A. F. Thibodeaux, H. Ringsdorf, A. Schuster, A. Skoulios, P. Gramain, W. Ford, Huanchun Zhou, R. H. G. Brinkhuis, A. J. Schouten, M. Rikukawa, M. F. Rubner, A. T. Royappa, Roni Koren, L. B. Coleman, J. D. Stenger-Smith, J. M. Hoover, R. A. Henry, G. A. Lindsay, M. P. Nadler, S. F. Nee, M. D. Seltzer, David D. Saperstein, John F. Rabolt, Robert W. Johnson, Paula A. Cornelio-Clark, Joseph A. Gardella, Shulei Zhao, W. M. Reichert, M. J. Gálvez-Ruiz, M. A. Cabrerizo-Vilchez, Valerie C. Anderson, David H. Thompson, J. P. Huruguen, T. Zemb, C. Petit, M. P. Pileni, Muriel S. Prouty, Charles R. Leidner, Dale H. Patterson, William M. Scheper, Min D. Liu, Mark W. Grinstaff, Kenneth S. Suslick, Kevin L. Prime, Yen-Ho Chu, Walther Schmid, Christopher T. Seto, James K. Chen, Andreas Spaltenstein, Jonathan A. Zerkowski, George M. Whitesides, J. A. N. Zasadzinski, J. T. Woodward, M. L. Longo, B. Dixon-Northern, Vincent B. Pizziconi, Darren L. Page, E. Chiellini, and G

Subjects
Macromolecules--Congresses, Polymers--Congresses
Published
1992

28. Enzymes in Carbohydrate Synthesis

Author

MARK D. BEDNARSKI, ETHAN S. SIMON, Eric J. Toone, George M. Whitesides, C.-H. Wong, Ole Hindsgaul, Kanwal J. Kaur, Uday B. Gokhale, Geeta Srivastava, Gordon Alton, Monica M. Palcic, K. G. I. Nilsson, Peter Stangier, Joachim Thiem, Daniel Gygax, Mario Hammel, Robert Schneider, Eric G. Berger, Hiltrud Stierlin, Uri Zehavi, Adam W. Mazur, H. Nakajima, H. Kondo, R. Tsurutani, M. Dombou, I. Tomioka, K. Tomita, MARK D. BEDNARSKI, ETHAN S. SIMON, Eric J. Toone, George M. Whitesides, C.-H. Wong, Ole Hindsgaul, Kanwal J. Kaur, Uday B. Gokhale, Geeta Srivastava, Gordon Alton, Monica M. Palcic, K. G. I. Nilsson, Peter Stangier, Joachim Thiem, Daniel Gygax, Mario Hammel, Robert Schneider, Eric G. Berger, Hiltrud Stierlin, Uri Zehavi, Adam W. Mazur, H. Nakajima, H. Kondo, R. Tsurutani, M. Dombou, I. Tomioka, and K. Tomita

Subjects
Enzymes--Biotechnology--Congresses, Carbohydrates--Biotechnology--Congresses, Carbohydrates--Synthesis--Congresses
Published
1991

29. Poly(ethylene Glycol)

Author

SAMUEL ZALIPSKY, J. MILTON HARRIS, Gunnar Karlström, Ola Engkvist, Danilo D. Lasic, Peter K. Working, Mary S. Newman, Judy Johnson, Joel B. Cornacoff, Martin C. Woodle, Y. Okumura, N. Higashi, V. Rosilio, J. Sunamoto, Sung Bum La, Yukio Nagasaki, Kazunori Kataoka, P. A. Mabrouk, Janice L. Panza, Keith E. LeJeune, Srikanth Venkatasubramanian, Alan J. Russell, Michael S. Hershfield, Merry R. Sherman, L. David Williams, Mark G. P. Saifer, John A. French, Larry W. Kwak, Joost J. Oppenheim, Kenneth Olson, Richard Gehant, Venkat Mukku, Kathy O'Connell, Brandon Tomlinson, Klara Totpal, Marjorie Winkler, Francesco M. Veronese, Paolo Caliceti, Oddone Schiavon, Irina N. Topchieva, Seth P. Monkarsh, Cheryl Spence, Jill E. Porter, Alicia Palleroni, Carlo Nalin, Perry Rosen, Pascal Bailon, Arthur M. Felix, George Barany, Fernando Albericio, Steven A. Kates, Maria Kempe, Andres Jäschke, Tatsuro Ouchi, Hidetoshi Kuroda, Yuichi Ohya, E. H. Schacht, K. Hoste, Sunitha Menon-Rudolph, Susan J. Sofia, Edward W. Merrill, Milan Mrksich, George M. Whitesides, Kazunori Em, SAMUEL ZALIPSKY, J. MILTON HARRIS, Gunnar Karlström, Ola Engkvist, Danilo D. Lasic, Peter K. Working, Mary S. Newman, Judy Johnson, Joel B. Cornacoff, Martin C. Woodle, Y. Okumura, N. Higashi, V. Rosilio, J. Sunamoto, Sung Bum La, Yukio Nagasaki, Kazunori Kataoka, P. A. Mabrouk, Janice L. Panza, Keith E. LeJeune, Srikanth Venkatasubramanian, Alan J. Russell, Michael S. Hershfield, Merry R. Sherman, L. David Williams, Mark G. P. Saifer, John A. French, Larry W. Kwak, Joost J. Oppenheim, Kenneth Olson, Richard Gehant, Venkat Mukku, Kathy O'Connell, Brandon Tomlinson, Klara Totpal, Marjorie Winkler, Francesco M. Veronese, Paolo Caliceti, Oddone Schiavon, Irina N. Topchieva, Seth P. Monkarsh, Cheryl Spence, Jill E. Porter, Alicia Palleroni, Carlo Nalin, Perry Rosen, Pascal Bailon, Arthur M. Felix, George Barany, Fernando Albericio, Steven A. Kates, Maria Kempe, Andres Jäschke, Tatsuro Ouchi, Hidetoshi Kuroda, Yuichi Ohya, E. H. Schacht, K. Hoste, Sunitha Menon-Rudolph, Susan J. Sofia, Edward W. Merrill, Milan Mrksich, George M. Whitesides, and Kazunori Em

Published
1997

30. Asymmetric Reactions and Processes in Chemistry

Author

ERNEST L. ELIEL, SEI OTSUKA, BARRY M. TROST, TERUAKI MUKAIYAMA, JORMA K. KOSKIMIES, BRUNO LOHRI, W. JACK FRAZEE, SUSAN MORRIS-NATSCHKE, JOSEPH E. LYNCH, KENSO SOAI, CLAYTON H. HEATHCOCK, KENJI KOGA, ALBERT I. MEYERS, HITOSI NOZAKI, TAMEJIRO HIYAMA, KOICHIRO OSHIMA, KAZUHIKO TAKAI, IWAO OJIMA, GARY H. POSNER, JOHN P. MALLAMO, KYO MIURA, MARTIN HULCE, GABRIEL SAUCY, NOAL COHEN, KAORU HARADA, TAMIO HAYASHI, K. TANI, T. YAMAGATA, S. OTSUKA, S. AKUTAGAWA, H. KUMOBAYASHI, T. TAKETOMI, H. TAKAYA, A. MIYASHITA, R. NOYORI, ICHIRO CHIBATA, GEORGE M. WHITESIDES, CHI-HUEY WONG, ALFRED POLLAK, ATSUYOSHI OHNO, HEINZ G. FLOSS, WILLIAM H. PIRKLE, JOHN M. FINN, BRUCE C. HAMPER, JAMES SCHREINER, JAMES R. PRIBISH, MASATOSHI ASAMI, SHOJI HARA, AKIRA DOBASHI, MASAKATZU EGUCHI, YUZO INOUYE, NOBUO IZUMIYA, JAMES D. MORRISON, EDWARD R. GRANDBOIS, GARY R. WEISMAN, YOSHIO OKAMOTO, HEIMEI YUKI, K. SUWA, G. VILLE, K. PETER, C. VOLLHARDT, MARK J. WINTER, ERNEST L. ELIEL, SEI OTSUKA, BARRY M. TROST, TERUAKI MUKAIYAMA, JORMA K. KOSKIMIES, BRUNO LOHRI, W. JACK FRAZEE, SUSAN MORRIS-NATSCHKE, JOSEPH E. LYNCH, KENSO SOAI, CLAYTON H. HEATHCOCK, KENJI KOGA, ALBERT I. MEYERS, HITOSI NOZAKI, TAMEJIRO HIYAMA, KOICHIRO OSHIMA, KAZUHIKO TAKAI, IWAO OJIMA, GARY H. POSNER, JOHN P. MALLAMO, KYO MIURA, MARTIN HULCE, GABRIEL SAUCY, NOAL COHEN, KAORU HARADA, TAMIO HAYASHI, K. TANI, T. YAMAGATA, S. OTSUKA, S. AKUTAGAWA, H. KUMOBAYASHI, T. TAKETOMI, H. TAKAYA, A. MIYASHITA, R. NOYORI, ICHIRO CHIBATA, GEORGE M. WHITESIDES, CHI-HUEY WONG, ALFRED POLLAK, ATSUYOSHI OHNO, HEINZ G. FLOSS, WILLIAM H. PIRKLE, JOHN M. FINN, BRUCE C. HAMPER, JAMES SCHREINER, JAMES R. PRIBISH, MASATOSHI ASAMI, SHOJI HARA, AKIRA DOBASHI, MASAKATZU EGUCHI, YUZO INOUYE, NOBUO IZUMIYA, JAMES D. MORRISON, EDWARD R. GRANDBOIS, GARY R. WEISMAN, YOSHIO OKAMOTO, HEIMEI YUKI, K. SUWA, G. VILLE, K. PETER, C. VOLLHARDT, and MARK J. WINTER

Subjects
Organic compounds--Synthesis--Congresses, Stereochemistry--Congresses
Published
1982

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