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Recoil effects in valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are studied for both abb-trifluorostyrene and styrene molecular crystal systems. The gradual changes of XPS spectra excited by several photon energies are theoretically investigated within the tight-binding approximation and harmonic approximation of lattice vibrations and have been explained in terms of not only atomic mass but also atomic orbital (AO) population. The recoil effect of valence band photoemission strongly depends on the population and partial photoionization cross section (PICS) of AOs as well as the masses of composite atoms. In abb-trifluorostyrene F 2p dominant bands show the recoil shift close to free F atom recoil shift, and C 2s dominant bands show that to free C atom recoil shift, whereas the mixed bands of C and F give rise to the peak asymmetries due to their different recoil shifts. For these systems, hydrogen contribution is negligibly small which is in contrast to our previous results for the crystals composed of small organic molecules. We also discuss some potential uses of the recoil shifts for these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three reactors were designed and used for the microwave remediation of oil-polluted wastes in a high-power microwave multimode cavity; a pressure model was also built based on reactor shapes and sizes. It was found that the reactor shape and size can extremely affect the electric field strength and distribution and, therefore, the efficiency of oil removal from the wastes. The reactor size would affect the pressure produced during treatment and thus affect the boiling point of the oil. The sweet gas distribution is also a factor for oil removal, although the flow rate has little effect on the oil removal when a uniform distribution is applied with a specific reactor. It was verified that multimode cavities are best-suited for big volume samples, in the case of uniform heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]