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An efficient and general method for the synthesis of difluoroalkylated uracils, pyridinones, and coumarins through visible-light-induced reaction with commercial materials is developed. The strategy proceeds with high efficiency under mild reaction conditions and shows excellent functional group compatibility, even toward bromide and hydroxyl group, thus demonstrates high potent application in a late-stage fluoroalkylation. Moreover, the difluoroalkylated products can be further transformed to a diverse variety of difluoroalkylated heterocycles, including molecules of potential biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coadsorption of ciprofloxacin (Cip) and Cu(II) on montmorillonite and kaolinite was studied between pH 4.0 and 9.5. At pH < 5.0, Cu(2+), Cip(+) and [Cu(II)(Cip(+/-))](2+) were the main species in solution. Between pH 5.0-7.0 [Cu(II)(Cip(+/-))](2+) was the dominant complex species. Above pH 8.0 [Cu(II)(Cip(-))(2)](0) precipitated. The presence of Cu(II) exerted no effect on the Cip sorption onto montmorillonite at low pH, whereas it increased Cip sorption on montmorillonite at pH > 6.0 due to the stronger affinity of Cip-Cu(II) complexes compared to sole Cip(-) or Cip(+/-), or Cip sorption via a Cu(II) bridge increased. In contrast, Cip increased Cu(II) adsorption on montmorillonite at pH < 7.0, whereas it decreased the adsorption of Cu(II) on kaolinite at pH 6.0-8.0. Cip was sorbed onto the kaolinite surface via interaction of carboxyl groups over the entire pH range. At pH 4.0-4.7, Cip(+) sorption onto kaolinite's positively charged surface was more favorable than sorption of Cip-Cu(II) complexes. Batch experiments and FTIR analyses indicated that the coordination between Cip(+/-), Cip(-) and Cu(II) were most likely present on kaolinite surface at pH 7.0. At pH > 8.0, Cu(OH)(2) (s) and [Cu(II)(Cip(-))(2)](0) precipitated out of solution or on the montmorillonite or kaolinite surface, which was not considered evidence for either the sorption of Cip or the adsorption of Cu(II).