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Apple pomace (AP) is a byproduct of apple juice industries, which constitutes around 30% of the original fruit and rich in essential compounds like carbohydrates, phenolics, minerals, and dietary fibers. This study is focused on optimizing the combinational utilization of antibrowning agents like l-cysteine and l-ascorbic acid for the sustainable debrowning of AP with response surface methodology and assessment of its acute toxicity in female rats. In addition, the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of treated AP were investigated and compared with the untreated control AP. The study revealed that the treated AP has higher dietary fiber ( p < 0.01), protein ( p < 0.0001), and phenolic content ( p < 0.001) in comparison to the control AP. Moreover, the treated AP also observed with higher antioxidant activity 37% inhibition and water retention capacity (8.5 g H 2 O/g solid) along with the debrowning effect. Furthermore, a 4-week in vivo study is conducted to assess the toxicity of treated AP. Results indicated no discernible variations in biochemistry, morphometric, or histology between the supplementation (0.5, 1.5, and 3% AP) and control groups. Thus, adding AP rich in dietary fiber to a range of meals is deemed a safe and valuable food supplement., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

In the present study, natural polyamine spermine is demonstrated as a potential basic catalyst for glucose-to-fructose isomerization. For instance, spermine achieves a decent fructose yield (30% wt) and selectivity (74%) during the single-step aqueous phase isomerization under the modest operating conditions (100 °C for 15 min). In addition to the expected reaction byproduct monosugar mannose, spermine also assists in the synthesis of rare and important monosugar, that is, psicose up to 4% wt. Psicose is a zero calorie rare sugar, exhibits a low caloric value, and possesses anti-adipogenic property. A comparative study involving other polyamines concluded that the presence of 2 0 amines tends to exhibit the most significant impact in improving the target product yield by releasing a higher number of OH - ions, which are responsible for isomerization through the formation of an enediol anion. An attempt was made to further improve the fructose yield through the addition of neutral salts, but it promoted a meager achievement. In an alternate study, a selective extraction strategy was followed for the isolation of fructose from the reaction mixture. The employed aryl monoboronic acid remarkably improved the net fructose concentration, that is, fructose productivity up to 75% wt (cumulative) and 70% selectivity within three consecutive extractions and isomerization cycles, which is comparatively three times shorter than that reported in the literature. Notably, spermine itself provided the essential and necessary basic environment for selective fructose extraction and glucose isomerization, ruling out the use of any external reagents and thus establishing itself as a versatile material suitable for a typical isomerization reaction in an upscaled reactor., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.)