Search

The overall goal of this study was to determine the molecular and metabolic responses of chemostat cultures of model nitrifying bacteria to imposition of and recovery from transient anoxic conditions. Based on the study, a specific directionality in nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) production was demonstrated. N2O production was only observed during recovery to aerobic conditions after a period of anoxia and correlated positively with the degree of ammonia accumulation during anoxia. NO, on the other hand, was emitted mainly under anoxia. The production of NO was linked to a major imbalance in the expression of the nitrite reductase gene, which was overexpressed during transient anoxia. In contrast, genes coding for ammonia and hydroxylamine oxidation and nitric oxide reduction were generally under-expressed during transient anoxia. These results are different from the observed parallel expression and activity of nitrite and nitric oxide reductase in heterotrophic bacteria subjected to transient oxygen cycling. Unlike NO, the production of N2O could not be solely correlated to gene expression patterns and likely involved responses at the enzyme activity or metabolic levels. Based on experimental data, the propensity of the nitrifying cultures for N2O production is related to a shift in their metabolism from a low specific activity (q < qmax) toward the maximum specific activity (qmax). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oxidative azido-difluoromethylthiolation of alkenes by employing TMSN 3 as the azide source and PhSO 2 SCF 2 H as the difluoromethylthiolation reagent is reported. The present method is characterized by good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and short reaction time, thereby providing an efficient access to synthetically useful β-difluoromethylthiolated azides. Mechanistic studies indicate a radical pathway involved in the reaction.

Although "closed-loop" smart insulin delivery systems have been extensively investigated, the majority of them suffer from low insulin loading efficiency and slow glucose response. Here, we constructed a novel nanocomplex (NC), which was prepared by electrostatic interaction between negatively charged insulin prodrug nanoparticles (NPs) and positively charged polycaprolactone-polyethylenimine (PCL-PEI) micelles. The insulin prodrug was linked to acetalated dextran (AD) via borate ester bonds to form IAD NPs, and glucose oxidase (GOx) was encapsulated in PCL-PEI micelles. The NC was negatively charged with a high insulin grafting rate (0.473 mg/mg), and in vitro experiments revealed that IAD was sensitive to hyperglycemia and H 2 O 2 , whereas GOx significantly improved the response to glucose by altering the microenvironment to promote sustained insulin release. Furthermore, compared with free insulin and IAD NPs, subcutaneously injected NCs in diabetic rats had long-term hypoglycemic effects, showing excellent biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, which had good potential in insulin self-regulation delivery.

Free radical carbochloromethylations of ortho- cyanoarylacrylamides and N -(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides have been developed by employing simple alkyl chlorides as the chloromethyl source. The transformations are characterized by wide functional group compatibility and utilizing readily available reagents, thus providing efficient methods for constructing polychloromethyl-substituted quinoline-2,4-diones and α-aryl-β-polychloromethylated amides.