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Bimolecular collision rate constants of a model solute are measured in water at T = 259-303 K, a range encompassing both normal and supercooled water. A stable, spherical nitroxide spin probe, perdeuterated 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine-1-oxyl, is studied using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), taking advantage of the fact that the rotational correlation time, τ(R), the mean time between successive spin exchanges within a cage, τ(RE), and the long-time-averaged spin exchange rate constants, K(ex), of the same solute molecule may be measured independently. Thus, long- and short-time translational diffusion behavior may be inferred from K(ex) and τ(RE), respectively. In order to measure K(ex), the effects of dipole-dipole interactions (DD) on the EPR spectra must be separated, yielding as a bonus the DD broadening rate constants that are related to the dephasing rate constant due to DD, W(dd). We find that both K(ex) and W(dd) behave hydrodynamically; that is to say they vary monotonically with T/η or η/T, respectively, where η is the shear viscosity, as predicted by the Stokes-Einstein equation. The same is true of the self-diffusion of water. In contrast, τ(RE) does not follow hydrodynamic behavior, varying rather as a linear function of the density reaching a maximum at 276 ± 2 K near where water displays a maximum density.

Picosecond rotational correlation times of perdeuterated tempone (PDT) are found in alkane and aromatic liquids by directly using the spectral width of the central electron paramagnetic resonance line. This is done by mathematically eliminating the nonsecular spectral density from the spectral parameter equations, thereby removing the need to assume a particular form for it. This is preferable to fitting a constant correction factor to the spectral density, because such a factor does not fit well in the low picosecond range. The electron-nuclear spin dipolar interaction between the probe and solvent is shown to be negligible for the very rapid rotation of PDT in these liquids at the temperatures of the study. The rotational correlation times obtained with the proposed method generally agree to within experimental uncertainty with those determined by using the traditional parameters. Using the middle line width offers greater precision and smoother trends. Previous work with the central line width is discussed, and past discrepancies are explained as possibly resulting from residual inhomogeneous broadening. The rotational correlation time almost forms a common curve across all of the solvents when plotted with respect to isothermal compressibility, which shows the high dependence of rotation on liquid free volume.

The work in part 6 of this series (J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113, 4930), addressing the task of separating the effects of Heisenberg spin exchange (HSE) and dipole-dipole interactions (DD) on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of nitroxide spin probes in solution, is extended experimentally and theoretically. Comprehensive measurements of perdeuterated 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine-1-oxyl (pDT) in squalane, a viscous alkane, paying special attention to lower temperatures and lower concentrations, were carried out in an attempt to focus on DD, the lesser understood of the two interactions. Theoretically, the analysis has been extended to include the recent comprehensive treatment by Salikhov (Appl. Magn. Reson. 2010, 38, 237). In dilute solutions, both interactions (1) introduce a dispersion component, (2) broaden the lines, and (3) shift the lines. DD introduces a dispersion component proportional to the concentration and of opposite sign to that of HSE. Equations relating the EPR spectral parameters to the rate constants due to HSE and DD have been derived. By employing nonlinear least-squares fitting of theoretical spectra to a simple analytical function and the proposed equations, the contributions of the two interactions to items 1-3 may be quantified and compared with the same parameters obtained by fitting experimental spectra. This comparison supports the theory in its broad predictions; however, at low temperatures, the DD contribution to the experimental dispersion amplitude does not increase linearly with concentration. We are unable to deduce whether this discrepancy is due to inadequate analysis of the experimental data or an incomplete theory. A new key aspect of the more comprehensive theory is that there is enough information in the experimental spectra to find items 1-3 due to both interactions; however, in principle, appeal must be made to a model of molecular diffusion to separate the two. The permanent diffusion model is used to illustrate the separation in this work. In practice, because the effects of DD are dominated by HSE, negligible error is incurred by using the model-independent extreme DD limit of the spectral density functions, which means that DD and HSE may be separated without appealing to a particular model., (© 2012 American Chemical Society)

EPR spectra of perdeuterated 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine-1-oxyl (PDT) are studied as functions of molar concentration, c, and temperature, T, in water and 70 wt % glycerol in water. The increase of the intrinsic line width averaged over the three hyperfine lines, B(tot), varies linearly with c with zero intercept in both solvents at all temperatures; therefore dB(tot)/dc is independent of c. The spin exchange induced dispersion, from which the spin exchange frequency, omega(e), may be computed, increases linearly with B(tot), passing through the origin in water and in 70% glycerol at high temperatures; however, at low temperatures, where dipolar interactions broaden the spectra, linearity does not prevail until B(tot) > 1 G due to a contribution of dipolar interactions to the dispersion. The broadening constant due to spin exchange, dB(e)/dc, is found from the slope of the linear region, permitting a computation of the dipolar constant, dB(dip)/dc = dB(tot)/dc - dB(e)/dc. Thus, the separation of concentration broadening into spin exchange and dipolar contributions is effected without having to appeal to some supposed temperature dependence of the two interactions. The fractional broadening by spin exchange, Omega(T), is near unity at high temperatures in both solvents, decreasing to zero in 70% glycerol at 273 K. Omega(T) is a continuous function of the inverse rotational correlation time of PDT but is discontinuous as a function of T/eta where eta is the shear viscosity. Omega(T) = 0.5, where spin exchange and dipolar interactions contribute equally to the line width occurs at T/eta = 20 +/- 1 K/cP in 70% glycerol. Hydrodynamic predictions of dB(e)/dc via the Stokes-Einstein (SE) equation are remarkably accurate in 70% glycerol comparable with the results in a series of alkanes. In water, dB(e)/dc is linear with T/eta with zero intercept as required by the SE; however, with slope a factor of 0.73 smaller. dB(dip)/dc is reasonably predicted by the SE only at very small values of eta/T very quickly following an approximately logarithmic dependence rather that the linear prediction. Values of dB(dip)/dc approach a plateau above eta/T = 0.20 cP/K that is about one-half the solid state limit. Line shifts due to spin exchange are not yet useful to deduce values of Omega(T) due to a lack of knowledge of the time between re-encounters; however, they may be used to verify the values determined from line broadening and spin exchange induced dispersion. Some effects at low temperatures in 70% glycerol suggest that the effects of dipolar interaction are inadequately described by the widely accepted theory.

Intensity of EPR spectra of stable organic free radicals, nitroxides, is decreasing with time if the radicals are dissolved in beer. The process is determined by a chemical reaction of nitroxide reduction by components naturally present in beer. Kinetics can be described as a simple irreversible first order with respect to both nitroxide and one reducing agent. Effective concentration of the reducing agent and the corresponding reaction rate constant has been determined. It is demonstrated that the nitroxide reduction is sensitive to the presence of solvent-accessible SH groups of proteins present in beer. It is proposed that quantitative analysis of reduction kinetics of small water-soluble nitroxide radicals such as TEMPO and TEMPOL can be used to assess the reducing power of beer. The effect of accelerated aging of beer achieved at elevated temperatures on nitroxide reduction kinetics is demonstrated.