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Compounds 8a - j were designed to adjust the mode of interaction and lipophilicity of FTT by scaffold hopping and changing the length of the alkoxy groups. Compounds 8a , 8d , 8g , and BIBD-300 were screened for high-affinity PARP-1 through enzyme inhibition assays and are worthy of further evaluation. PET imaging of MCF-7 subcutaneous tumors with moderate expression of PARP-1 showed that compared to [ 18 F]FTT, [ 18 F]8a , [ 18 F]8d , and [ 18 F]8g exhibited greater nonspecific uptake, a lower target-to-nontarget ratio, and severe defluorination, while [ 18 F]BIBD-300 exhibited lower nonspecific uptake and a greater target-to-nontarget ratio. PET imaging of 22Rv1 subcutaneous tumors, which highly express PARP-1, confirmed that the uptake of [ 18 F]BIBD-300 in normal organs, such as the liver, muscle, and bone, was lower than that of [ 18 F]FTT, and the ratio of tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-liver [ 18 F]BIBD-300 was greater than that of [ 18 F]FTT. The biodistribution results in mice with MCF-7 and 22Rv1 subcutaneous tumors further validated the results of PET imaging. Unlike [ 18 F]FTT, which mainly relies on hepatobiliary clearance, [ 18 F]BIBD-300, which has lower lipophilicity, undergoes a partial shift from hepatobiliary to renal clearance, providing the possibility for [ 18 F]BIBD-300 to indicate liver cancer. The difference in the PET imaging results for [ 18 F]FTT, [ 18 F]BIBD-300, and [ 18 F]8j in 22Rv1 mice and the corresponding molecular docking results further confirmed that subtle structural modifications in lipophilicity greatly optimize the properties of the tracer. Cell uptake experiments also demonstrated that [ 18 F]BIBD-300 has a high affinity for PARP-1. Metabolized and unmetabolized [ 18 F]FTT and [ 18 F]BIBD-300 were detected in the brain, indicating that they could not accurately quantify the amount of PARP-1 in the brain. However, PET imaging of glioma showed that both [ 18 F]FTT and [ 18 F]BIBD-300 could accurately localize both in situ to C6 and U87MG tumors. Based on its potential advantages in the diagnosis of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and glioma, as well as liver cancer, [ 18 F]BIBD-300 is a new option for an excellent PARP-1 tracer.

By modifying the structures of targeted A 2A R antagonists and tracers, novel compounds 3 , 7a , 9 , 12c , and BIBD-399 were designed and synthesized. In vitro inhibition experiments demonstrated that 3 , 12c , and BIBD-399 have high affinity for A 2A R. [ 18 F]3 and [ 18 F]BIBD-399 were successfully synthesized. In terms of biological distribution, the brain uptake of [ 18 F]MNI-444 exhibits greater than that of [ 18 F]3 and [ 18 F]BIBD-399. PET imaging shows that [ 18 F]3 is off-target in the brain, while [ 18 F]BIBD-399 and [ 18 F]MNI-444 can be specifically imaged in regions with high A 2A R expression. Differently, [ 18 F]BIBD-399 could quickly reach equilibrium in the targeted region within 10 min after administration, while [ 18 F]MNI-444 shows a slowly increasing trend within 2 h of administration. [ 18 F]BIBD-399 is mainly metabolized by the liver and kidney, and there is no obvious defluorination in vivo. Additional in vitro autoradiography showed that the striatal signals of [ 18 F]BIBD-399 and [ 18 F]MNI-444 were inhibited by the A 2A R antagonist SCH442416 but not by the A 1 R antagonist DPCPX, demonstrating the high A 2A R binding specificity of [ 18 F]BIBD-399. Molecular docking further confirms the high affinity of MNI-444 and BIBD-399 for A 2A R. Further tMCAo imaging showed that [ 18 F]BIBD-399 can sensitively distinguish between infarcted and noninfarcted sides, a capability not observed with [ 18 F]MNI-444. Given its pharmacokinetic properties and the ability to identify lesion regions, [ 18 F]BIBD-399 has potential advantages in monitoring A 2A R changes, meriting further clinical investigation.

Accurate quantification of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques is an important indicator for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment. For this purpose, new highly sensitive Aβ tracers were designed by regulating the position and number of nitrogen atoms. A series of derivatives of florbetapir (AV45) containing different numbers and positions of N atoms were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro affinity and in vivo biodistribution. Preliminary study results showed that [ 18 F]BIBD-124 and [ 18 F]BIBD-127 had better clearance rates and less in vivo defluorination than AV45 in ICR (ICR = Institute of Cancer Research) mice. Autoradiography and molecular docking indicated that the binding sites of [ 18 F]BIBD-124/127 were similar to that of [ 18 F]AV45. Micro-positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging further demonstrated that [ 18 F]BIBD-124 could monitor Aβ plaques similar to [ 18 F]AV45. Besides, the imaging contrast of [ 18 F]BIBD-124 is better than that of [ 18 F]AV45. Mass spectrometric metabolic analysis showed that BIBD-124 was less demethylated than AV45 without subsequent acetylation, which might explain its less non-specific uptake and higher imaging contrast. Gauss calculations further confirmed that the introduction of N 5 in [ 18 F]BIBD-124 decreased demethylation. Considering imaging contrast and in vivo defluorination, [ 18 F]BIBD-124 is expected to be a promising radiotracer of Aβ plaques for further clinical trials.

The abnormal expression of aromatase is associated with the occurrence and development of a variety of neurological diseases and tumors. A series of 18 F-labeled and 68 Ga-labeled potential aromatase-binding candidate compounds were designed and synthesized based on the structures of aromatase inhibitors. Competitive inhibition experiments in vitro and molecular docking showed that BIBD-069 and BIBD-071 have high affinity for aromatase. The radiolabeling conditions of [ 18 F]BIBD-069 and [ 18 F]BIBD-071 were simple, and the yields were high. Biodistribution and in vivo inhibition experiments confirmed that [ 18 F]BIBD-069 and [ 18 F]BIBD-071 specifically bind to aromatase. [ 18 F]BIBD-069 and [ 18 F]BIBD-071 selectively imaged the amygdala and nucleus of the stria terminalis, which is similar to the imaging result of [ 11 C]vorozole. Radiometabolites of [ 18 F]BIBD-069 and [ 18 F]BIBD-071 did not bind to aromatase and interfered with brain imaging. MicroPET-CT imaging further confirmed that [ 18 F]BIBD-069 and [ 18 F]BIBD-071 can specifically bind to aromatase and were not defluorinated in vivo. Given that [ 18 F]BIBD-069 and [ 18 F]BIBD-071 exhibit excellent aromatase binding affinities, mild radiolabeling conditions, and good pharmacokinetics, they can be important tools for the diagnosis and treatment of aromatase-related diseases.

[ 11 C]ER176 has adequate sensitivity to image the human brain translocator protein (TSPO) in all three genotypes by positron emission tomography (PET). However, its clinical application is limited by the short half-life of 11 C (20.38 min). To overcome the deficiency of [ 11 C]ER176 and keep the pharmacophore features of ER176 to the maximum extent, we designed four fluorine-labeled ER176 derivatives using the deuterium method. In vitro competition binding confirmed that the designed compounds had high affinity for TSPO. Biodistribution experiments showed that tissues with high expression of TSPO had high uptake of these compounds, as well as that the compound showed high brain penetration and mild defluorination in vivo. Therefore, [ 18 F]BIBD-239 with simple synthesis conditions was selected for further biological evaluation. Theoretical simulations showed that BIBD-239 and ER176 have similar binding modes and sites to Ala147-TSPO and Thr147-TSPO, which indicated that the tracers may have consistent sensitivity to the three affinity genotypes. In vitro autoradiography and in vivo PET studies of the ischemic rat brain showed dramatically higher uptake of [ 18 F]BIBD-239 on the lesion site compared to the contralateral side with good brain kinetics. Additionally, [ 18 F]BIBD-239 provided clear tumor PET images in a GL261 glioma model. Importantly, PET imaging and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) results showed that in vivo defluorination and other metabolites of [ 18 F]BIBD-239 did not interfere with brain imaging. Conclusively, [ 18 F]BIBD-239, similar to ER176 with low polymorphism sensitivity, has simple labeling conditions, high labeling yield, high affinity, and high specificity for TSPO, and it is planned for further evaluation in higher species.

Dysfunction or decreased expression of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) is closely related to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. The development of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting SV2A can provide a strong imaging basis for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Herein we report the synthesis of the novel radiotracer [ 18 F]BIBD-181 and its preclinical evaluation. The absolute configuration of BIBD-181 was confirmed by the single-crystal structure of its precursor. The in vitro binding assay of BIBD-181 showed high SV2A binding affinity. Compared with previously reported tracers, [ 18 F]BIBD-181 has mild labeling conditions, simple operation, and high yield. The in vivo metabolism of [ 18 F]BIBD-181 is similar to that of UCB derivatives, and the metabolites do not interfere with brain PET imaging. Biodistribution and PET studies showed that [ 18 F]BIBD-181 has high brain uptake and good pharmacokinetics. Autoradiography and PET inhibition studies indicated that [ 18 F]BIBD-181 specifically binds SV2A. Because [ 18 F]BIBD-181 exhibits excellent properties, it may be a reliable probe of quantities for SV2A-related disease diagnosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 American Chemical Society.)

Black phosphorus (BP), an emerging remarkable photocatalytic semiconductor, is arousing strong interests in this field of solar-driven CO 2 reduction, but its stability and activity are still facing huge challenges. Here, an ambient-stable and effective 2D/2D heterostructure of BP/bismuth tungstate (Bi 2 WO 6 ) with oxygen vacancy is innovatively designed for syngas production via photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. This work, not only resolves the stability problem of BP nanosheets by anchoring ultrasmall platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (∼2 nm) but also greatly improves the charge transfer efficiency by constructing S-scheme 2D/2D heterostructure with coupled oxygen defects. As a result, the generation rates of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) remarkably reach 20.5 and 16.8 μmol g -1 h -1 , respectively, which are much higher than that of reported BP-based materials, and the accomplished CO/H 2 ratios (1:1-2:1) are exactly the most desirable syngas for industrial applications. Thus, this work constructs an efficient and ambient-stable BP-based photocatalyst for syngas production by CO 2 reduction at mild conditions.