36 results on '"van der Schouw, Yvonne T."'
Search Results
2. Plasma Vitamin C and type 2 diabetes: Genome-wide association study and mendelian randomization analysis in European populations
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Zheng, Ju-Sheng, Luan, Jian’An, Sofianopoulou, Eleni, Imamura, Fumiaki, Stewart, Isobel D., Day, Felix R., Pietzner, Maik, Wheeler, Eleanor, Lotta, Luca A., Gundersen, Thomas E., Amiano, Pilar, Ardanaz, Eva, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W., Kaaks, Rudolf, Laouali, Nasser, Mancini, Francesca Romana, Nilsson, Peter M., Charlotte Onland-Moret, N., Olsen, Anja, Overvad, Kim, Panico, Salvatore, Palli, Domenico, Ricceri, Fulvio, Rolandsson, Olov, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., Sánchez, María-José, Schulze, Matthias B., Sala, Núria, Sieri, Sabina, Tjønneland, Anne, Tumino, Rosario, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Riboli, Elio, Danesh, John, Butterworth, Adam S., Sharp, Stephen J., Langenberg, Claudia, Forouhi, Nita G., Wareham, Nicholas J., Zheng, Ju-Sheng, Luan, Jian’An, Sofianopoulou, Eleni, Imamura, Fumiaki, Stewart, Isobel D., Day, Felix R., Pietzner, Maik, Wheeler, Eleanor, Lotta, Luca A., Gundersen, Thomas E., Amiano, Pilar, Ardanaz, Eva, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W., Kaaks, Rudolf, Laouali, Nasser, Mancini, Francesca Romana, Nilsson, Peter M., Charlotte Onland-Moret, N., Olsen, Anja, Overvad, Kim, Panico, Salvatore, Palli, Domenico, Ricceri, Fulvio, Rolandsson, Olov, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., Sánchez, María-José, Schulze, Matthias B., Sala, Núria, Sieri, Sabina, Tjønneland, Anne, Tumino, Rosario, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Riboli, Elio, Danesh, John, Butterworth, Adam S., Sharp, Stephen J., Langenberg, Claudia, Forouhi, Nita G., and Wareham, Nicholas J.
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Higher plasma vitamin C levels are associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk, but whether this association is causal is uncertain. To investigate this, we studied the association of genetically predicted plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted genome-wide association studies of plasma vitamin C among 52,018 individuals of European ancestry to discover novel genetic variants. We performed Mendelian randomization analyses to estimate the association of genetically predicted differences in plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes in up to 80,983 case participants and 842,909 noncase participants. We compared this estimate with the observational association between plasma vitamin C and incident type 2 diabetes, including 8,133 case participants and 11,073 noncase participants. RESULTS: We identified 11 genomic regions associated with plasma vitamin C (P < 5 ☓ 10-8), with the strongest signal at SLC23A1, and 10 novel genetic loci including SLC23A3, CHPT1, BCAS3, SNRPF, RER1, MAF, GSTA5, RGS14, AKT1, and FADS1. Plasma vitamin C was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio per SD 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94), but there was no association between genetically predicted plasma vitamin C (excluding FADS1 variant due to its apparent pleiotropic effect) and type 2 diabetes (1.03; 95% CI 0.96, 1.10). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate discordance between biochemically measured and genetically predicted plasma vitamin C levels in the association with type 2 diabetes among European populations. The null Mendelian randomization findings provide no strong evidence to suggest the use of vitamin C supplementation for type 2 diabetes prevention.
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- 2021
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3. Matrix Gla protein species and risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients
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Dalmeijer, Geertje W., Van Der Schouw, Yvonne T., Magdeleyns, Elke J., Vermeer, Cees, Verschuren, W.M. Monique, Boer, Jolanda M.A., and Beulens, Joline W.J.
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Cholesterol ,Coronary heart disease -- Risk factors ,Diabetes -- Risk factors ,Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ,Diabetics ,Heart failure -- Risk factors ,Health - Abstract
OBJECTIVE--To investigate the relationship of circulating matrix Gla protein (MGP) species with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) or coronary heart disease (CHD) in type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--EPIC-NL [...]
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- 2013
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4. Replacement of Red and Processed Meat With Other Food Sources of Protein and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations : The EPIC-InterAct Study
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Ibsen, Daniel B., Steur, Marinka, Imamura, Fumiaki, Overvad, Kim, Schulze, Matthias B., Bendinelli, Benedetta, Guevara, Marcela, Agudo, Antonio, Amiano, Pilar, Aune, Dagfinn, Barricarte, Aurelio, Ericson, Ulrika, Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W., Freisling, Heinz, Quiros, Jose R., Grioni, Sara, Heath, Alicia K., Huybrechts, Inge, Katze, Verena, Laouali, Nasser, Mancini, Francesca, Masala, Giovanna, Olsen, Anja, Papier, Keren, Ramne, Stina, Rolandsson, Olov, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Sánchez, Maria-José, Santiuste, Carmen, Simeon, Vittorio, Spijkerman, Annemieke M. W., Srour, Bernard, Tjønneland, Anne, Tong, Tammy Y. N., Tumino, Rosario, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Wittenbecher, Clemens, Sharp, Stephen J., Riboli, Elio, Forouhi, Nita G., Wareham, Nick J., Ibsen, Daniel B., Steur, Marinka, Imamura, Fumiaki, Overvad, Kim, Schulze, Matthias B., Bendinelli, Benedetta, Guevara, Marcela, Agudo, Antonio, Amiano, Pilar, Aune, Dagfinn, Barricarte, Aurelio, Ericson, Ulrika, Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W., Freisling, Heinz, Quiros, Jose R., Grioni, Sara, Heath, Alicia K., Huybrechts, Inge, Katze, Verena, Laouali, Nasser, Mancini, Francesca, Masala, Giovanna, Olsen, Anja, Papier, Keren, Ramne, Stina, Rolandsson, Olov, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Sánchez, Maria-José, Santiuste, Carmen, Simeon, Vittorio, Spijkerman, Annemieke M. W., Srour, Bernard, Tjønneland, Anne, Tong, Tammy Y. N., Tumino, Rosario, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Wittenbecher, Clemens, Sharp, Stephen J., Riboli, Elio, Forouhi, Nita G., and Wareham, Nick J.
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OBJECTIVE: There is sparse evidence for the association of suitable food substitutions for red and processed meat on the risk of type 2 diabetes. We modeled the association between replacing red and processed meat with other protein sources and the risk of type 2 diabetes and estimated its population impact. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-InterAct case cohort included 11,741 individuals with type 2 diabetes and a subcohort of 15,450 participants in eight countries. We modeled the replacement of self-reported red and processed meat with poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, cheese, cereals, yogurt, milk, and nuts. Country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) for incident type 2 diabetes were estimated by Prentice-weighted Cox regression and pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: There was a lower hazard for type 2 diabetes for the modeled replacement of red and processed meat (50 g/day) with cheese (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.97) (30 g/day), yogurt (0.90, 0.86-0.95) (70 g/day), nuts (0.90, 0.84-0.96) (10 g/day), or cereals (0.92, 0.88-0.96) (30 g/day) but not for replacements with poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, or milk. If a causal association is assumed, replacing red and processed meat with cheese, yogurt, or nuts could prevent 8.8%, 8.3%, or 7.5%, respectively, of new cases of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Replacement of red and processed meat with cheese, yogurt, nuts, or cereals was associated with a lower rate of type 2 diabetes. Substituting red and processed meat by other protein sources may contribute to the prevention of incident type 2 diabetes in European populations.
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- 2020
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5. Plasma Vitamin C and Type 2 Diabetes: Genome-Wide Association Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis in European Populations
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Zheng, Ju-Sheng, primary, Luan, Jian’an, additional, Sofianopoulou, Eleni, additional, Imamura, Fumiaki, additional, Stewart, Isobel D., additional, Day, Felix R., additional, Pietzner, Maik, additional, Wheeler, Eleanor, additional, Lotta, Luca A., additional, Gundersen, Thomas E., additional, Amiano, Pilar, additional, Ardanaz, Eva, additional, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, additional, Fagherazzi, Guy, additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Kaaks, Rudolf, additional, Laouali, Nasser, additional, Mancini, Francesca Romana, additional, Nilsson, Peter M., additional, Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte, additional, Olsen, Anja, additional, Overvad, Kim, additional, Panico, Salvatore, additional, Palli, Domenico, additional, Ricceri, Fulvio, additional, Rolandsson, Olov, additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, Sánchez, María-José, additional, Schulze, Matthias B., additional, Sala, Núria, additional, Sieri, Sabina, additional, Tjønneland, Anne, additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Weiderpass, Elisabete, additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, Danesh, John, additional, Butterworth, Adam S., additional, Sharp, Stephen J., additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, Forouhi, Nita G., additional, and Wareham, Nicholas J., additional
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- 2020
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6. Chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy is associated with the metabolic syndrome
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Visser, Nora A., Vrancken, Alexander F.J.E., Van Der Schouw, Yvonne T., Van Den Berg, Leonard H., and Notermans, Nicolette C.
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Polyneuropathies -- Risk factors -- Diagnosis -- Care and treatment -- Research ,Metabolic syndrome X -- Causes of -- Complications and side effects -- Care and treatment -- Research ,Health - Abstract
OBJECTIVE--This study aims to investigate the association between chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP) and the metabolic syndrome or its individual components. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--A total of 249 patients with [...]
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- 2013
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7. Metabolic syndrome model definitions predicting type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
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Povel, Cecile M., Beulens, Joline W., Van Der Schouw, Yvonne T., Dolle, Martijn E.T., Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., Verschuren, W.M. Monique, Feskens, Edith J.M., and Boer, Jolanda M.A.
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Metabolic syndrome X -- Models ,Cardiovascular diseases -- Risk factors -- Diagnosis -- Research ,Health risk assessment -- Methods -- Research ,Type 2 diabetes -- Risk factors -- Diagnosis -- Research ,Health - Abstract
OBJECTIVE--Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which increases the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Some argue that MetS is [...]
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- 2013
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8. Famine exposure in the young and the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood
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van Abeelen, Annet F.M., Elias, Sjoerd G., Bossuyt, Patrick M.M., Grobbee, Diederick E., van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Roseboom, Tessa J., and Uiterwaal, Cuno S.P.M.
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Type 2 diabetes -- Research -- Risk factors ,Malnutrition in children -- Research -- Health aspects ,Health - Abstract
The developmental origins hypothesis proposes that undernutrition during early development is associated with an increased type 2 diabetes risk in adulthood. We investigated the association between undernutrition during childhood and young adulthood and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. We studied 7,837 women from Prospect-EPIC (European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition) who were exposed to the 1944-1945 Dutch famine when they were between age 0 and 21 years. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to explore the effect of famine on the risk of subsequent type 2 diabetes in adulthood. We adjusted for potential confounders, including age at famine exposure, smoking, and level of education. Serf-reported famine exposure during childhood and young adulthood was associated with an increased type 2 diabetes risk in a dose-dependent manner. In those who reported moderate famine exposure, the age-adjusted type 2 diabetes hazard ratio (HR) was 1.36 (95% CI [1.09-1.70]); in those who reported severe famine exposure, the age-adjusted HR was 1.64 (1.26-2.14) relative to unexposed women. These effects did not change after adjustment for confounders. This study provides the first direct evidence, using individual famine exposure data, that a short period of moderate or severe undernutrition during postnatal development increases type 2 diabetes risk in adulthood. Diabetes 61:2255-2260, 2012, Diabetes is a major health problem; ~330 million people suffer from type 2 diabetes worldwide (1,2). The developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis proposes that type 2 diabetes originates [...]
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- 2012
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9. Replacement of Red and Processed Meat With Other Food Sources of Protein and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations: The EPIC-InterAct Study
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Ibsen, Daniel B., primary, Steur, Marinka, additional, Imamura, Fumiaki, additional, Overvad, Kim, additional, Schulze, Matthias B., additional, Bendinelli, Benedetta, additional, Guevara, Marcela, additional, Agudo, Antonio, additional, Amiano, Pilar, additional, Aune, Dagfinn, additional, Barricarte, Aurelio, additional, Ericson, Ulrika, additional, Fagherazzi, Guy, additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Freisling, Heinz, additional, Quiros, Jose R., additional, Grioni, Sara, additional, Heath, Alicia K., additional, Huybrechts, Inge, additional, Katze, Verena, additional, Laouali, Nasser, additional, Mancini, Francesca, additional, Masala, Giovanna, additional, Olsen, Anja, additional, Papier, Keren, additional, Ramne, Stina, additional, Rolandsson, Olov, additional, Sacerdote, Carlotta, additional, Sánchez, Maria-José, additional, Santiuste, Carmen, additional, Simeon, Vittorio, additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, Srour, Bernard, additional, Tjønneland, Anne, additional, Tong, Tammy Y.N., additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Weiderpass, Elisabete, additional, Wittenbecher, Clemens, additional, Sharp, Stephen J., additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, Forouhi, Nita G., additional, and Wareham, Nick J., additional
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- 2020
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10. Dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes
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Beulens, Joline W.J., van der A., Daphne L., Grobbee, Diederick E., Sluijs, Ivonne, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., and van der Schouw, Yvonne T.
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Health surveys ,Diabetes -- Research ,Phytonadione ,Type 2 diabetes -- Risk factors -- Diet therapy ,Health - Abstract
OBJECTIVE--To investigate whether dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes are related to risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--We used data from a prospective cohort study in 38,094 Dutch [...]
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- 2010
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11. Dietary intake of total, animal, and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL Study
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Sluijs, Ivonne, Beulens, Joline W.J., Van Der A, Daphne L., Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., Grobbee, Diederick E., and Van Der Schouw, Yvonne T.
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Oncology, Experimental -- Physiological aspects -- Investigations ,Dextrose -- Physiological aspects -- Investigations ,Dietary fat -- Physiological aspects -- Investigations ,Diabetes -- Research ,Glucose -- Physiological aspects -- Investigations ,Cancer -- Risk factors -- Diet therapy -- Physiological aspects -- Investigations -- Research ,Type 2 diabetes -- Research -- Risk factors -- Diet therapy -- Physiological aspects -- Investigations ,Company legal issue ,Health - Abstract
OBJECTIVE--Dietary recommendations are focused mainly on relative dietary fat and carbohydrate content in relation to diabetes risk. Meanwhile, high-protein diets may contribute to disturbance of glucose metabolism, but evidence from [...]
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- 2010
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12. Common genetic variations in CCK, leptin, and leptin receptor genes are associated with specific human eating patterns
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de Krom, Mariken, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Hendriks, Judith, Ophoff, Roel A., van Gils, Carla H., Stolk, Ronald P., Grobbee, Diederick E., and Adan, Roger
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Obesity -- Risk factors -- Care and treatment -- Genetic aspects ,Diabetes -- Genetic aspects -- Care and treatment -- Risk factors -- Research ,Health ,Care and treatment ,Genetic aspects ,Risk factors - Abstract
Obesity has a heritable component; however, the heterogeneity of obesity complicates dissection of its genetic background. In this study, we therefore focused on eating patterns as specific traits within obesity. These traits have a heritable component; genes associated with a specific eating pattern have not yet been reported at the population level. In this study, we determined whether genetic variations in cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin genes underlie specific eating patterns. We selected obese individuals showing extreme snacking behavior or use of excessive portion sizes from a large population-based sample (n = 17,357) from the Prospect-EPIC (European Prospective Study into Cancer and Nutrition) study. Using allele-specific PCRs, we tested several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the candidate genes and performed haplotype analysis. Obese carriers of common allelic variations in leptin or the leptin receptor gene had an increased risk to display extreme snacking behavior. In contrast, obese carriers of common allelic variations in CCK had an increased risk to eating increased meal sizes. In conclusion, we identified common allelic variants specifically associated with distinctly different eating patterns, namely extreme snacking behavior or excessive portion size., Obesity is an increasing problem in modern societies and a major risk factor for chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (1-3). Despite many genetic studies, only a small [...]
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- 2007
13. Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes among older women
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Beulens, Joline W.J., Stolk, Ronald P., van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Grobbee, Diederick E., Hendriks, Henk F.J., and Bots, Michiel L.
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Alcoholism -- Risk factors ,Aged women -- Health aspects ,Type 2 diabetes -- Risk factors ,Health ,Risk factors ,Health aspects - Abstract
OBJECTIVE--This study aimed to investigate the relation between alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes among older women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Between 1993 and 1997, 16,330 women aged 49-70 years and [...]
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- 2005
14. Dairy Product Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in EPIC-InterAct: A Mendelian Randomization Study
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Vissers, Linda E.T., primary, Sluijs, Ivonne, additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Forouhi, Nita G., additional, Imamura, Fumiaki, additional, Burgess, Stephen, additional, Barricarte, Aurelio, additional, Boeing, Heiner, additional, Bonet, Catalina, additional, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, additional, Fagherazzi, Guy, additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Freisling, Heinz, additional, Gunter, Marc J., additional, Quirós, J. Ramón, additional, Ibsen, Daniel B., additional, Kaaks, Rudolf, additional, Key, Timothy, additional, Khaw, Kay T., additional, Kühn, Tilman, additional, Mokoroa, Olatz, additional, Nilsson, Peter M., additional, Overvad, Kim, additional, Pala, Valeria, additional, Palli, Domenico, additional, Panico, Salvatore, additional, Sacerdote, Carlotta, additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, Tjonneland, Anne, additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, Rodríguez-Barranco, Miguel, additional, Rolandsson, Olov, additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, Sharp, Stephen J., additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, and Wareham, Nicholas J., additional
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- 2019
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15. C-reactive protein is independently associated with glucose but not with insulin resistance in healthy men
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Niehoff, Anne G., van Haeften, Timon W., Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte, Elbers, Clara C., Wijmenga, Cisca, and van der Schouw, Yvonne T.
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Metabolic syndrome X -- Complications and side effects -- Research -- Development and progression -- Risk factors ,Inflammation -- Risk factors -- Research -- Development and progression -- Complications and side effects ,Insulin resistance -- Complications and side effects -- Research -- Development and progression -- Risk factors ,C-reactive protein -- Research ,Type 2 diabetes -- Development and progression -- Research -- Complications and side effects -- Risk factors ,Health ,Complications and side effects ,Development and progression ,Research ,Risk factors - Abstract
Recent studies have shown that low-grade inflammation is linked both to insulin resistance (1,2) and the metabolic syndrome (3,4) and may even predict the development of type 2 diabetes (5-8). [...]
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- 2007
16. Circulating Phylloquinone Concentrations and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study
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Zwakenberg, Sabine R., primary, Remmelzwaal, Sharon, additional, Beulens, Joline W.J., additional, Booth, Sarah L., additional, Burgess, Stephen, additional, Dashti, Hassan S., additional, Imamura, Fumiaki, additional, Feskens, Edith J.M., additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, and Sluijs, Ivonne, additional
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- 2018
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17. Circulating Fetuin-A and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
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Kröger, Janine, primary, Meidtner, Karina, additional, Stefan, Norbert, additional, Guevara, Marcela, additional, Kerrison, Nicola D., additional, Ardanaz, Eva, additional, Aune, Dagfinn, additional, Boeing, Heiner, additional, Dorronsoro, Miren, additional, Dow, Courtney, additional, Fagherazzi, Guy, additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Freisling, Heinz, additional, Gunter, Marc J., additional, Huerta, José María, additional, Kaaks, Rudolf, additional, Key, Timothy J., additional, Khaw, Kay Tee, additional, Krogh, Vittorio, additional, Kühn, Tilman, additional, Mancini, Francesca Romana, additional, Mattiello, Amalia, additional, Nilsson, Peter M., additional, Olsen, Anja, additional, Overvad, Kim, additional, Palli, Domenico, additional, Quirós, J. Ramón, additional, Rolandsson, Olov, additional, Sacerdote, Carlotta, additional, Sala, Núria, additional, Salamanca-Fernández, Elena, additional, Sluijs, Ivonne, additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, Tjonneland, Anne, additional, Tsilidis, Konstantinos K., additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Forouhi, Nita G., additional, Sharp, Stephen J., additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, Schulze, Matthias B., additional, and Wareham, Nicholas J., additional
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- 2018
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18. Interaction of Dietary and Genetic Factors Influencing Body Iron Status and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Within the EPIC-InterAct Study
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Meidtner, Karina, primary, Podmore, Clara, additional, Kröger, Janine, additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Bendinelli, Benedetta, additional, Agnoli, Claudia, additional, Arriola, Larraitz, additional, Barricarte, Aurelio, additional, Boeing, Heiner, additional, Cross, Amanda J., additional, Dow, Courtney, additional, Ekblom, Kim, additional, Fagherazzi, Guy, additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Gunter, Marc J., additional, Huerta, José María, additional, Jakszyn, Paula, additional, Jenab, Mazda, additional, Katzke, Verena A., additional, Key, Timothy J., additional, Khaw, Kay Tee, additional, Kühn, Tilman, additional, Kyrø, Cecilie, additional, Mancini, Francesca Romana, additional, Melander, Olle, additional, Nilsson, Peter M., additional, Overvad, Kim, additional, Palli, Domenico, additional, Panico, Salvatore, additional, Quirós, J. Ramón, additional, Rodríguez-Barranco, Miguel, additional, Sacerdote, Carlotta, additional, Sluijs, Ivonne, additional, Stepien, Magdalena, additional, Tjonneland, Anne, additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, Forouhi, Nita G., additional, Sharp, Stephen J., additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, Schulze, Matthias B., additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, and Wareham, Nicholas J., additional
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- 2017
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19. An Expanded Genome-Wide Association Study of Type 2 Diabetes in Europeans
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Scott, Robert A., Scott, Laura J., Maegi, Reedik, Marullo, Letizia, Gaulton, Kyle J., Kaakinen, Marika, Pervjakova, Natalia, Pers, Tune H., Johnson, Andrew D., Eicher, John D., Jackson, Anne U., Ferreira, Teresa, Lee, Yeji, Ma, Clement, Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Qi, Lu, Van Zuydam, Natalie R., Mahajan, Anubha, Chen, Han, Almgren, Peter, Voight, Ben F., Grallert, Harald, Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina, Ried, Janina S., Rayner, Nigel W., Robertson, Neil, Karssen, Lennart C., Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M., Willems, Sara M., Fuchsberger, Christian, Kwan, Phoenix, Teslovich, Tanya M., Chanda, Pritam, Li, Man, Lu, Yingchang, Dina, Christian, Thuillier, Dorothee, Yengo, Loic, Jiang, Longda, Sparso, Thomas, Kestler, Hans A., Chheda, Himanshu, Eisele, Lewin, Gustafsson, Stefan, Franberg, Mattias, Strawbridge, Rona J., Benediktsson, Rafn, Hreidarsson, Astradur B., Kong, Augustine, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Kerrison, Nicola D., Luan, Jian'an, Liang, Liming, Meitinger, Thomas, Roden, Michael, Thorand, Barbara, Esko, Tonu, Mihailov, Evelin, Fox, Caroline, Liu, Ching-Ti, Rybin, Denis, Isomaa, Bo, Lyssenko, Valeriya, Tuomi, Tiinamaija, Couper, David J., Pankow, James S., Grarup, Niels, Have, Christian T., Jorgensen, Marit E., Jorgensen, Torben, Linneberg, Allan, Cornelis, Marilyn C., Van Dam, Rob M., Hunter, David J., Kraft, Peter, Sun, Qi, Edkins, Sarah, Owen, Katharine R., Perry, John R. B., Wood, Andrew R., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Tajes-Fernandes, Juan, Abecasis, Goncalo R., Bonnycastle, Lori L., Chines, Peter S., Stringham, Heather M., Koistinen, Heikki A., Kinnunen, Leena, Sennblad, Bengt, Muehleisen, Thomas W., Noethen, Markus M., Pechlivanis, Sonali, Baldassarre, Damiano, Gertow, Karl, Humphries, Steve E., Tremoli, Elena, Klopp, Norman, Meyer, Julia, Steinbach, Gerald, Wennauer, Roman, Eriksson, Johan G., Mannisto, Satu, Peltonen, Leena, Tikkanen, Emmi, Charpentier, Guillaume, Eury, Elodie, Lobbens, Stephane, Gigante, Bruna, Leander, Karin, McLeod, Olga, Bottinger, Erwin P., Gottesman, Omri, Ruderfer, Douglas, Blueher, Matthias, Kovacs, Peter, Tonjes, Anke, Maruthur, Nisa M., Scapoli, Chiara, Erbel, Raimund, Joeckel, Karl-Heinz, Moebus, Susanne, De Faire, Ulf, Hamsten, Anders, Stumvoll, Michael, Deloukas, Panagiotis, Donnelly, Peter J., Frayling, Timothy M., Hattersley, Andrew T., Ripatti, Samuli, Salomaa, Veikko, Pedersen, Nancy L., Boehm, Bernhard O., Bergman, Richard N., Collins, Francis S., Mohlke, Karen L., Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Hansen, Torben, Pedersen, Oluf, Barroso, Ines, Lannfelt, Lars, Ingelsson, Erik, Lind, Lars, Lindgren, Cecilia M., Cauchi, Stephane, Froguel, Philippe, Loos, Ruth J. F., Balkau, Beverley, Boeing, Heiner, Franks, Paul W., Gurrea, Aurelio Barricarte, Palli, Domenico, Van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Altshuler, David, Groop, Leif C., Langenberg, Claudia, Wareham, Nicholas J., Sijbrands, Eric, Van Duijn, Cornelia M., Florez, Jose C., Meigs, James B., Boerwinkle, Eric, Gieger, Christian, Strauch, Konstantin, Metspalu, Andres, Morris, Andrew D., Palmer, Colin N. A., Hu, Frank B., Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Stefansson, Kari, Dupuis, Josee, Morris, Andrew P., Boehnke, Michael, McCarthy, Mark I., Prokopenko, Inga, Scott, Robert A., Scott, Laura J., Maegi, Reedik, Marullo, Letizia, Gaulton, Kyle J., Kaakinen, Marika, Pervjakova, Natalia, Pers, Tune H., Johnson, Andrew D., Eicher, John D., Jackson, Anne U., Ferreira, Teresa, Lee, Yeji, Ma, Clement, Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, Qi, Lu, Van Zuydam, Natalie R., Mahajan, Anubha, Chen, Han, Almgren, Peter, Voight, Ben F., Grallert, Harald, Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina, Ried, Janina S., Rayner, Nigel W., Robertson, Neil, Karssen, Lennart C., Van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M., Willems, Sara M., Fuchsberger, Christian, Kwan, Phoenix, Teslovich, Tanya M., Chanda, Pritam, Li, Man, Lu, Yingchang, Dina, Christian, Thuillier, Dorothee, Yengo, Loic, Jiang, Longda, Sparso, Thomas, Kestler, Hans A., Chheda, Himanshu, Eisele, Lewin, Gustafsson, Stefan, Franberg, Mattias, Strawbridge, Rona J., Benediktsson, Rafn, Hreidarsson, Astradur B., Kong, Augustine, Sigurdsson, Gunnar, Kerrison, Nicola D., Luan, Jian'an, Liang, Liming, Meitinger, Thomas, Roden, Michael, Thorand, Barbara, Esko, Tonu, Mihailov, Evelin, Fox, Caroline, Liu, Ching-Ti, Rybin, Denis, Isomaa, Bo, Lyssenko, Valeriya, Tuomi, Tiinamaija, Couper, David J., Pankow, James S., Grarup, Niels, Have, Christian T., Jorgensen, Marit E., Jorgensen, Torben, Linneberg, Allan, Cornelis, Marilyn C., Van Dam, Rob M., Hunter, David J., Kraft, Peter, Sun, Qi, Edkins, Sarah, Owen, Katharine R., Perry, John R. B., Wood, Andrew R., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Tajes-Fernandes, Juan, Abecasis, Goncalo R., Bonnycastle, Lori L., Chines, Peter S., Stringham, Heather M., Koistinen, Heikki A., Kinnunen, Leena, Sennblad, Bengt, Muehleisen, Thomas W., Noethen, Markus M., Pechlivanis, Sonali, Baldassarre, Damiano, Gertow, Karl, Humphries, Steve E., Tremoli, Elena, Klopp, Norman, Meyer, Julia, Steinbach, Gerald, Wennauer, Roman, Eriksson, Johan G., Mannisto, Satu, Peltonen, Leena, Tikkanen, Emmi, Charpentier, Guillaume, Eury, Elodie, Lobbens, Stephane, Gigante, Bruna, Leander, Karin, McLeod, Olga, Bottinger, Erwin P., Gottesman, Omri, Ruderfer, Douglas, Blueher, Matthias, Kovacs, Peter, Tonjes, Anke, Maruthur, Nisa M., Scapoli, Chiara, Erbel, Raimund, Joeckel, Karl-Heinz, Moebus, Susanne, De Faire, Ulf, Hamsten, Anders, Stumvoll, Michael, Deloukas, Panagiotis, Donnelly, Peter J., Frayling, Timothy M., Hattersley, Andrew T., Ripatti, Samuli, Salomaa, Veikko, Pedersen, Nancy L., Boehm, Bernhard O., Bergman, Richard N., Collins, Francis S., Mohlke, Karen L., Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Hansen, Torben, Pedersen, Oluf, Barroso, Ines, Lannfelt, Lars, Ingelsson, Erik, Lind, Lars, Lindgren, Cecilia M., Cauchi, Stephane, Froguel, Philippe, Loos, Ruth J. F., Balkau, Beverley, Boeing, Heiner, Franks, Paul W., Gurrea, Aurelio Barricarte, Palli, Domenico, Van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Altshuler, David, Groop, Leif C., Langenberg, Claudia, Wareham, Nicholas J., Sijbrands, Eric, Van Duijn, Cornelia M., Florez, Jose C., Meigs, James B., Boerwinkle, Eric, Gieger, Christian, Strauch, Konstantin, Metspalu, Andres, Morris, Andrew D., Palmer, Colin N. A., Hu, Frank B., Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Stefansson, Kari, Dupuis, Josee, Morris, Andrew P., Boehnke, Michael, McCarthy, Mark I., and Prokopenko, Inga
- Abstract
To characterize type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated variation across the allele frequency spectrum, we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data from 26,676 T2D case and 132,532 control subjects of European ancestry after imputation using the 1000 Genomes multiethnic reference panel. Promising association signals were followed up in additional data sets (of 14,545 or 7,397 T2D case and 38,994 or 71,604 control subjects). We identified 13 novel T2D-associated loci (P < 5 x 10(-8)), including variants near the GLP2R, GIP, and HLA-DQA1 genes. Our analysis brought the total number of independent T2D associations to 128 distinct signals at 113 loci. Despite substantially increased sample size and more complete coverage of low-frequency variation, all novel associations were driven by common single nucleotide variants. Credible sets of potentially causal variants were generally larger than those based on imputation with earlier reference panels, consistent with resolution of causal signals to common risk haplotypes. Stratification of T2D-associated loci based on T2D-related quantitative trait associations revealed tissue-specific enrichment of regulatory annotations in pancreatic islet enhancers for loci influencing insulin secretion and in adipocytes, monocytes, and hepatocytes for insulin action-associated loci. These findings highlight the predominant role played by common variants of modest effect and the diversity of biological mechanisms influencing T2D pathophysiology.
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- 2017
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20. An Expanded Genome-Wide Association Study of Type 2 Diabetes in Europeans
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Scott, Robert A., primary, Scott, Laura J., additional, Mägi, Reedik, additional, Marullo, Letizia, additional, Gaulton, Kyle J., additional, Kaakinen, Marika, additional, Pervjakova, Natalia, additional, Pers, Tune H., additional, Johnson, Andrew D., additional, Eicher, John D., additional, Jackson, Anne U., additional, Ferreira, Teresa, additional, Lee, Yeji, additional, Ma, Clement, additional, Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur, additional, Thorleifsson, Gudmar, additional, Qi, Lu, additional, Van Zuydam, Natalie R., additional, Mahajan, Anubha, additional, Chen, Han, additional, Almgren, Peter, additional, Voight, Ben F., additional, Grallert, Harald, additional, Müller-Nurasyid, Martina, additional, Ried, Janina S., additional, Rayner, Nigel W., additional, Robertson, Neil, additional, Karssen, Lennart C., additional, van Leeuwen, Elisabeth M., additional, Willems, Sara M., additional, Fuchsberger, Christian, additional, Kwan, Phoenix, additional, Teslovich, Tanya M., additional, Chanda, Pritam, additional, Li, Man, additional, Lu, Yingchang, additional, Dina, Christian, additional, Thuillier, Dorothee, additional, Yengo, Loic, additional, Jiang, Longda, additional, Sparso, Thomas, additional, Kestler, Hans A., additional, Chheda, Himanshu, additional, Eisele, Lewin, additional, Gustafsson, Stefan, additional, Frånberg, Mattias, additional, Strawbridge, Rona J., additional, Benediktsson, Rafn, additional, Hreidarsson, Astradur B., additional, Kong, Augustine, additional, Sigurðsson, Gunnar, additional, Kerrison, Nicola D., additional, Luan, Jian'an, additional, Liang, Liming, additional, Meitinger, Thomas, additional, Roden, Michael, additional, Thorand, Barbara, additional, Esko, Tõnu, additional, Mihailov, Evelin, additional, Fox, Caroline, additional, Liu, Ching-Ti, additional, Rybin, Denis, additional, Isomaa, Bo, additional, Lyssenko, Valeriya, additional, Tuomi, Tiinamaija, additional, Couper, David J., additional, Pankow, James S., additional, Grarup, Niels, additional, Have, Christian T., additional, Jørgensen, Marit E., additional, Jørgensen, Torben, additional, Linneberg, Allan, additional, Cornelis, Marilyn C., additional, van Dam, Rob M., additional, Hunter, David J., additional, Kraft, Peter, additional, Sun, Qi, additional, Edkins, Sarah, additional, Owen, Katharine R., additional, Perry, John R.B., additional, Wood, Andrew R., additional, Zeggini, Eleftheria, additional, Tajes-Fernandes, Juan, additional, Abecasis, Goncalo R., additional, Bonnycastle, Lori L., additional, Chines, Peter S., additional, Stringham, Heather M., additional, Koistinen, Heikki A., additional, Kinnunen, Leena, additional, Sennblad, Bengt, additional, Mühleisen, Thomas W., additional, Nöthen, Markus M., additional, Pechlivanis, Sonali, additional, Baldassarre, Damiano, additional, Gertow, Karl, additional, Humphries, Steve E., additional, Tremoli, Elena, additional, Klopp, Norman, additional, Meyer, Julia, additional, Steinbach, Gerald, additional, Wennauer, Roman, additional, Eriksson, Johan G., additional, Mӓnnistö, Satu, additional, Peltonen, Leena, additional, Tikkanen, Emmi, additional, Charpentier, Guillaume, additional, Eury, Elodie, additional, Lobbens, Stéphane, additional, Gigante, Bruna, additional, Leander, Karin, additional, McLeod, Olga, additional, Bottinger, Erwin P., additional, Gottesman, Omri, additional, Ruderfer, Douglas, additional, Blüher, Matthias, additional, Kovacs, Peter, additional, Tonjes, Anke, additional, Maruthur, Nisa M., additional, Scapoli, Chiara, additional, Erbel, Raimund, additional, Jöckel, Karl-Heinz, additional, Moebus, Susanne, additional, de Faire, Ulf, additional, Hamsten, Anders, additional, Stumvoll, Michael, additional, Deloukas, Panagiotis, additional, Donnelly, Peter J., additional, Frayling, Timothy M., additional, Hattersley, Andrew T., additional, Ripatti, Samuli, additional, Salomaa, Veikko, additional, Pedersen, Nancy L., additional, Boehm, Bernhard O., additional, Bergman, Richard N., additional, Collins, Francis S., additional, Mohlke, Karen L., additional, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, additional, Hansen, Torben, additional, Pedersen, Oluf, additional, Barroso, Inês, additional, Lannfelt, Lars, additional, Ingelsson, Erik, additional, Lind, Lars, additional, Lindgren, Cecilia M., additional, Cauchi, Stephane, additional, Froguel, Philippe, additional, Loos, Ruth J.F., additional, Balkau, Beverley, additional, Boeing, Heiner, additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Barricarte Gurrea, Aurelio, additional, Palli, Domenico, additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Altshuler, David, additional, Groop, Leif C., additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, Wareham, Nicholas J., additional, Sijbrands, Eric, additional, van Duijn, Cornelia M., additional, Florez, Jose C., additional, Meigs, James B., additional, Boerwinkle, Eric, additional, Gieger, Christian, additional, Strauch, Konstantin, additional, Metspalu, Andres, additional, Morris, Andrew D., additional, Palmer, Colin N.A., additional, Hu, Frank B., additional, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, additional, Stefansson, Kari, additional, Dupuis, Josée, additional, Morris, Andrew P., additional, Boehnke, Michael, additional, McCarthy, Mark I., additional, and Prokopenko, Inga, additional
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- 2017
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21. Circulating Phylloquinone Concentrations and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Mendelian Randomization Study.
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Zwakenberg, Sabine R., Remmelzwaal, Sharon, Beulens, Joline W. J., Booth, Sarah L., Burgess, Stephen, Dashti, Hassan S., Imamura, Fumiaki, Feskens, Edith J. M., van der Schouw, Yvonne T., and Sluijs, Ivonne
- Subjects
TYPE 2 diabetes ,VITAMIN K ,MENDEL'S law ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,COHORT analysis ,META-analysis - Abstract
This study investigated the causal relation between circulating phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentrations and type 2 diabetes by using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. We used data from three studies: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study, Diabetes Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM), and the UK Biobank, resulting in 69,647 subjects with type 2 diabetes. We calculated a weighted genetic risk score including four genetic variants previously found to be associated with circulating phylloquinone concentrations. Inverse-variance weighted analysis was used to obtain a risk ratio (RR) for the causal relation between circulating phylloquinone concentrations and risk of type 2 diabetes. Presence of pleiotropy and the robustness of the results were assessed using MR-Egger and weighted-median analyses. Genetically predicted concentrations of circulating phylloquinone were associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes with an RR of 0.93 (95% CI 0.89; 0.97) per every natural logarithm (Ln)-nmol/L-unit increase in circulating phylloquinone. The MR-Egger and weighted median analyses showed RRs of 0.94 (0.86; 1.02) and 0.93 (0.88; 0.98), respectively, indicating no pleiotropy. In conclusion, our study supports that higher circulating phylloquinone may be causally related with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, highlighting the importance of sufficient phylloquinone in the human diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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22. Association of Multiple Biomarkers of Iron Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct Study
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Podmore, Clara, primary, Meidtner, Karina, additional, Schulze, Matthias B., additional, Scott, Robert A., additional, Ramond, Anna, additional, Butterworth, Adam S., additional, Di Angelantonio, Emanuele, additional, Danesh, John, additional, Arriola, Larraitz, additional, Barricarte, Aurelio, additional, Boeing, Heiner, additional, Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise, additional, Cross, Amanda J., additional, Dahm, Christina C., additional, Fagherazzi, Guy, additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Gavrila, Diana, additional, Grioni, Sara, additional, Gunter, Marc J., additional, Gusto, Gaelle, additional, Jakszyn, Paula, additional, Katzke, Verena, additional, Key, Timothy J., additional, Kühn, Tilman, additional, Mattiello, Amalia, additional, Nilsson, Peter M., additional, Olsen, Anja, additional, Overvad, Kim, additional, Palli, Domenico, additional, Quirós, J. Ramón, additional, Rolandsson, Olov, additional, Sacerdote, Carlotta, additional, Sánchez-Cantalejo, Emilio, additional, Slimani, Nadia, additional, Sluijs, Ivonne, additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, Tjonneland, Anne, additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, van der A, Daphne L., additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Feskens, Edith J.M., additional, Forouhi, Nita G., additional, Sharp, Stephen J., additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, and Wareham, Nicholas J., additional
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- 2016
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23. Interaction of Dietary and Genetic Factors Influencing Body Iron Status and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Within the EPIC-InterAct Study.
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Meidtner, Karina, Podmore, Clara, Kröger, Janine, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Bendinelli, Benedetta, Agnoli, Claudia, Arriola, Larraitz, Barricarte, Aurelio, Boeing, Heiner, Cross, Amanda J., Dow, Courtney, Ekblom, Kim, Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W., Gunter, Marc J., Huerta, José María, Jakszyn, Paula, Jenab, Mazda, Katzke, Verena A., and Key, Timothy J.
- Subjects
TYPE 2 diabetes risk factors ,MEAT ,FOOD of animal origin ,GENETICS of type 2 diabetes ,IRON in the body ,SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms - Abstract
Objective: Meat intake has been consistently shown to be positively associated with incident type 2 diabetes. Part of that association may be mediated by body iron status, which is influenced by genetic factors. We aimed to test for interactions of genetic and dietary factors influencing body iron status in relation to the risk of incident type 2 diabetes.Research Design and Methods: The case-cohort comprised 9,347 case subjects and 12,301 subcohort participants from eight European countries. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from genome-wide association studies on iron status biomarkers and candidate gene studies. A ferritin-related gene score was constructed. Multiplicative and additive interactions of heme iron and SNPs as well as the gene score were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression.Results: Higher heme iron intake (per 1 SD) was associated with higher ferritin levels (β = 0.113 [95% CI 0.082; 0.144]), but not with transferrin (-0.019 [-0.043; 0.006]) or transferrin saturation (0.016 [-0.006; 0.037]). Five SNPs located in four genes (rs1799945 [HFE H63D], rs1800562 [HFE C282Y], rs236918 [PCK7], rs744653 [SLC40A1], and rs855791 [TMPRSS6 V736A]) were associated with ferritin. We did not detect an interaction of heme iron and the gene score on the risk of diabetes in the overall study population (Padd = 0.16, Pmult = 0.21) but did detect a trend toward a negative interaction in men (Padd = 0.04, Pmult = 0.03).Conclusions: We found no convincing evidence that the interplay of dietary and genetic factors related to body iron status associates with type 2 diabetes risk above the level expected from the sum or product of the two individual exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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24. A Mendelian Randomization Study of Circulating Uric Acid and Type 2 Diabetes
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Sluijs, Ivonne, primary, Holmes, Michael V., additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Beulens, Joline W.J., additional, Asselbergs, Folkert W., additional, Huerta, José María, additional, Palmer, Tom M., additional, Arriola, Larraitz, additional, Balkau, Beverley, additional, Barricarte, Aurelio, additional, Boeing, Heiner, additional, Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise, additional, Fagherazzi, Guy, additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Gavrila, Diana, additional, Kaaks, Rudolf, additional, Khaw, Kay Tee, additional, Kühn, Tilman, additional, Molina-Montes, Esther, additional, Mortensen, Lotte Maxild, additional, Nilsson, Peter M., additional, Overvad, Kim, additional, Palli, Domenico, additional, Panico, Salvatore, additional, Quirós, J. Ramón, additional, Rolandsson, Olov, additional, Sacerdote, Carlotta, additional, Sala, Núria, additional, Schmidt, Julie A., additional, Scott, Robert A., additional, Sieri, Sabina, additional, Slimani, Nadia, additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, Tjonneland, Anne, additional, Travis, Ruth C., additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, van der A, Daphne L., additional, Sharp, Stephen J., additional, Forouhi, Nita G., additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, and Wareham, Nicholas J., additional
- Published
- 2015
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25. Plasma Advanced Glycation End Products Are Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Events in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Case-Cohort Study With a Median Follow-up of 10 Years (EPIC-NL)
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Hanssen, Nordin M.J., primary, Beulens, Joline W.J., additional, van Dieren, Susan, additional, Scheijen, Jean L.J.M., additional, van der A, Daphne L., additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Stehouwer, Coen D.A., additional, and Schalkwijk, Casper G., additional
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- 2014
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26. Age at Menarche and Type 2 Diabetes Risk The EPIC-InterAct study
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Elks, Cathy E., Ong, Ken K., Scott, Robert A., van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Brand, Judith S., Wark, Petra A., Amiano, Pilar, Balkau, Beverley, Barricarte, Aurelio, Boeing, Heiner, Fonseca-Nunes, Ana, Franks, Paul W., Grioni, Sara, Halkjaer, Jytte, Kaaks, Rudolf, Key, Timothy J., Khaw, Kay Tee, Mattiello, Amalia, Nilsson, Peter M., Overvad, Kim, Palli, Domenico, Quiros, J. Ramon, Rinaldi, Sabina, Rolandsson, Olov, Romieu, Isabelle, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Sanchez, Maria-Jose, Spijkerman, Annemieke M. W., Tjonneland, Anne, Tormo, Maria-Jose, Tumino, Rosario, Daphne, L. Van der A., Forouhi, Nita G., Sharp, Stephen J., Langenberg, Claudia, Riboli, Elio, Wareham, Nicholas J., Elks, Cathy E., Ong, Ken K., Scott, Robert A., van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Brand, Judith S., Wark, Petra A., Amiano, Pilar, Balkau, Beverley, Barricarte, Aurelio, Boeing, Heiner, Fonseca-Nunes, Ana, Franks, Paul W., Grioni, Sara, Halkjaer, Jytte, Kaaks, Rudolf, Key, Timothy J., Khaw, Kay Tee, Mattiello, Amalia, Nilsson, Peter M., Overvad, Kim, Palli, Domenico, Quiros, J. Ramon, Rinaldi, Sabina, Rolandsson, Olov, Romieu, Isabelle, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Sanchez, Maria-Jose, Spijkerman, Annemieke M. W., Tjonneland, Anne, Tormo, Maria-Jose, Tumino, Rosario, Daphne, L. Van der A., Forouhi, Nita G., Sharp, Stephen J., Langenberg, Claudia, Riboli, Elio, and Wareham, Nicholas J.
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE Younger age at menarche, a marker of pubertal timing in girls, is associated with higher risk of later type 2 diabetes. We aimed to confirm this association and to examine whether it is explained by adiposity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study consists of 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals from 26 research centers across eight European countries. We tested the association between age at menarche and incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression in 15,168 women (n = 5,995 cases). Models were adjusted in a sequential manner for potential confounding and mediating factors, including adult BMI. RESULTS Mean menarcheal age ranged from 12.6 to 13.6 years across InterAct countries. Each year later menarche was associated with 0.32 kg/m(2) lower adult BMI. Women in the earliest menarche quintile (8-11 years, n = 2,418) had 70% higher incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with those in the middle quintile (13 years, n = 3,634), adjusting for age at recruitment, research center, and a range of lifestyle and reproductive factors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.49-1.94; P < 0.001). Adjustment for BMI partially attenuated this association (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.18-1.71; P < 0.001). Later menarche beyond the median age was not protective against type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Women with history of early menarche have higher risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Less than half of this association appears to be mediated by higher adult BMI, suggesting that early pubertal development also may directly increase type 2 diabetes risk.
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- 2013
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27. Age at Menopause, Reproductive Life Span, and Type 2 Diabetes Risk
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Brand, Judith S., van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte, Sharp, Stephen J., Ong, Ken K., Khaw, Kay-Tee, Ardanaz, Eva, Amiano, Pilar, Boeing, Heiner, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise, Crowe, Francesca L., de Lauzon-Guillain, Blandine, Duell, Eric J., Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W., Grioni, Sara, Groop, Leif C., Kaaks, Rudolf, Key, Timothy J., Nilsson, Peter M., Overvad, Kim, Palli, Domenico, Panico, Salvatore, Quiros, J. Ramon, Rolandsson, Olov, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Sanchez, Maria-Jose, Slimani, Nadia, Teucher, Birgit, Tjonneland, Anne, Tumino, Rosario, van der A, Daphne L., Feskens, Edith J. M., Langenberg, Claudia, Forouhi, Nita G., Riboli, Elio, Wareham, Nicholas J., Brand, Judith S., van der Schouw, Yvonne T., Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte, Sharp, Stephen J., Ong, Ken K., Khaw, Kay-Tee, Ardanaz, Eva, Amiano, Pilar, Boeing, Heiner, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise, Crowe, Francesca L., de Lauzon-Guillain, Blandine, Duell, Eric J., Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W., Grioni, Sara, Groop, Leif C., Kaaks, Rudolf, Key, Timothy J., Nilsson, Peter M., Overvad, Kim, Palli, Domenico, Panico, Salvatore, Quiros, J. Ramon, Rolandsson, Olov, Sacerdote, Carlotta, Sanchez, Maria-Jose, Slimani, Nadia, Teucher, Birgit, Tjonneland, Anne, Tumino, Rosario, van der A, Daphne L., Feskens, Edith J. M., Langenberg, Claudia, Forouhi, Nita G., Riboli, Elio, and Wareham, Nicholas J.
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE-Age at menopause is an important determinant of future health outcomes, but little is known about its relationship with type 2 diabetes. We examined the associations of menopausal age and reproductive life span (menopausal age minus menarcheal age) with diabetes risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Data were obtained from the InterAct study, a prospective case-cohort study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. A total of 3,691 postmenopausal type 2 diabetic case subjects and 4,408 subcohort members were included in the analysis, with a median follow-up of 11 years. Prentice weighted Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, known risk factors for diabetes, and reproductive factors, and effect modification by BMI, waist circumference, and smoking was studied. RESULTS-Mean (SD) age of the subcohort was 59.2 (5.8) years. After multivariable adjustment, hazard ratios (HRs) of type 2 diabetes were 1.32 (95% CI 1.04-1.69), 1.09 (0.90-1.31), 0.97 (0.86-1.10), and 0.85 (0.70-1.03) for women with menopause at ages <40, 40-44, 45-49, and >= 55 years, respectively, relative to those with menopause at age 50-54 years. The HR per SD younger age at menopause was 1.08 (1.02-1.14). Similarly, a shorter reproductive life span was associated with a higher diabetes risk (HR per SD lower reproductive life span 1.06 [ 1.01-1.12]). No effect modification by BMI, waist circumference, or smoking was observed (P interaction all > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS-Early menopause is associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 36:1012-1019, 2013
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- 2013
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28. The Association Between Dietary Flavonoid and Lignan Intakes and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations
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Zamora-Ros, Raul, primary, Forouhi, Nita G., additional, Sharp, Stephen J., additional, González, Carlos A., additional, Buijsse, Brian, additional, Guevara, Marcela, additional, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Amiano, Pilar, additional, Boeing, Heiner, additional, Bredsdorff, Lea, additional, Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise, additional, Fagherazzi, Guy, additional, Feskens, Edith J., additional, Franks, Paul W., additional, Grioni, Sara, additional, Katzke, Verena, additional, Key, Timothy J., additional, Khaw, Kay-Tee, additional, Kühn, Tilman, additional, Masala, Giovanna, additional, Mattiello, Amalia, additional, Molina-Montes, Esther, additional, Nilsson, Peter M., additional, Overvad, Kim, additional, Perquier, Florence, additional, Quirós, J. Ramón, additional, Romieu, Isabelle, additional, Sacerdote, Carlotta, additional, Scalbert, Augustin, additional, Schulze, Matthias, additional, Slimani, Nadia, additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, Tjonneland, Anne, additional, Tormo, Maria Jose, additional, Tumino, Rosario, additional, van der A, Daphne L., additional, Langenberg, Claudia, additional, Riboli, Elio, additional, and Wareham, Nicholas J., additional
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- 2013
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29. Dietary Intake of Total, Animal, and Vegetable Protein and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL Study
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Sluijs, Ivonne, primary, Beulens, Joline W.J., additional, van der A, Daphne L., additional, Spijkerman, Annemieke M.W., additional, Grobbee, Diederick E., additional, and van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional
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- 2009
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30. Comment on: Perry et al. (2009) Interrogating Type 2 Diabetes Genome-Wide Association Data Using a Biological Pathway-Based Approach. Diabetes;58:1463–1467
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Elbers, Clara C., primary, van der Schouw, Yvonne T., additional, Wijmenga, Cisca, additional, and Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte, additional
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- 2009
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31. Plasma Advanced Glycation End Products Are Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Events in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Case-Cohort Study With a Median Follow-up of 10 Years (EPIC-NL)
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Hanssen, Nordin M J, Beulens, Joline W J, van Dieren, Susan, Scheijen, Jean L J M, van der A, Daphne L, Spijkerman, Annemieke M W, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Stehouwer, Coen D A, and Schalkwijk, Casper G
- Abstract
Experimental data suggest a role for advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, epidemiological evidence of an association between high plasma AGEs and increased cardiovascular risk remains inconclusive. Therefore, in a case-cohort study comprising 134 cardiovascular case subjects and a random subcohort of 218 individuals (including 65 cardiovascular case subjects), all with T2DM and nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition in the Netherlands (EPIC-NL) study, plasma levels of protein-bound N-(carboxymethyl)lysine, N-(carboxyethyl)lysine, and pentosidine were measured with liquid chromatography. AGEs were loge-transformed, combined in a z-score, and the association with incident cardiovascular events was analyzed with Cox proportional hazard regression, adapted for case-cohort design (Prentice method). After multivariable adjustment (sex, age, cohort status, diabetes duration, total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio, smoking, systolic blood pressure, BMI, blood pressure-, cholesterol- and glucose-lowering treatment, prior cardiovascular events, and triglycerides), higher plasma AGE z-scores were associated with higher risk of incident cardiovascular events in individuals without prior cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.31 [95% CI: 1.06-1.61]). A similar trend was observed in individuals with prior cardiovascular events (1.37 [0.63-2.98]). In conclusion, high plasma AGEs were associated with incident cardiovascular events in individuals with T2DM. These results underline the potential importance of AGEs in development of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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32. Age at menarche and type 2 diabetes risk: the EPIC-InterAct study.
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Elks, Cathy E, Ong, Ken K, Scott, Robert A, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Brand, Judith S, Wark, Petra A, Amiano, Pilar, Balkau, Beverley, Barricarte, Aurelio, Boeing, Heiner, Fonseca-Nunes, Ana, Franks, Paul W, Grioni, Sara, Halkjaer, Jytte, Kaaks, Rudolf, Key, Timothy J, Khaw, Kay Tee, Mattiello, Amalia, Nilsson, Peter M, and Overvad, Kim
- Abstract
Objective: Younger age at menarche, a marker of pubertal timing in girls, is associated with higher risk of later type 2 diabetes. We aimed to confirm this association and to examine whether it is explained by adiposity.Research Design and Methods: The prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study consists of 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals from 26 research centers across eight European countries. We tested the association between age at menarche and incident type 2 diabetes using Prentice-weighted Cox regression in 15,168 women (n = 5,995 cases). Models were adjusted in a sequential manner for potential confounding and mediating factors, including adult BMI.Results: Mean menarcheal age ranged from 12.6 to 13.6 years across InterAct countries. Each year later menarche was associated with 0.32 kg/m2 lower adult BMI. Women in the earliest menarche quintile (8-11 years, n = 2,418) had 70% higher incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with those in the middle quintile (13 years, n = 3,634), adjusting for age at recruitment, research center, and a range of lifestyle and reproductive factors (hazard ratio [HR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.49-1.94; P < 0.001). Adjustment for BMI partially attenuated this association (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.18-1.71; P < 0.001). Later menarche beyond the median age was not protective against type 2 diabetes.Conclusions: Women with history of early menarche have higher risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Less than half of this association appears to be mediated by higher adult BMI, suggesting that early pubertal development also may directly increase type 2 diabetes risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
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33. Age at menopause, reproductive life span, and type 2 diabetes risk: results from the EPIC-InterAct study.
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Brand, Judith S, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Onland-Moret, N Charlotte, Sharp, Stephen J, Ong, Ken K, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Ardanaz, Eva, Amiano, Pilar, Boeing, Heiner, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise, Crowe, Francesca L, de Lauzon-Guillain, Blandine, Duell, Eric J, Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W, Grioni, Sara, Groop, Leif C, Kaaks, Rudolf, and Key, Timothy J
- Abstract
Objective: Age at menopause is an important determinant of future health outcomes, but little is known about its relationship with type 2 diabetes. We examined the associations of menopausal age and reproductive life span (menopausal age minus menarcheal age) with diabetes risk.Research Design and Methods: Data were obtained from the InterAct study, a prospective case-cohort study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. A total of 3,691 postmenopausal type 2 diabetic case subjects and 4,408 subcohort members were included in the analysis, with a median follow-up of 11 years. Prentice weighted Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, known risk factors for diabetes, and reproductive factors, and effect modification by BMI, waist circumference, and smoking was studied.Results: Mean (SD) age of the subcohort was 59.2 (5.8) years. After multivariable adjustment, hazard ratios (HRs) of type 2 diabetes were 1.32 (95% CI 1.04-1.69), 1.09 (0.90-1.31), 0.97 (0.86-1.10), and 0.85 (0.70-1.03) for women with menopause at ages <40, 40-44, 45-49, and ≥55 years, respectively, relative to those with menopause at age 50-54 years. The HR per SD younger age at menopause was 1.08 (1.02-1.14). Similarly, a shorter reproductive life span was associated with a higher diabetes risk (HR per SD lower reproductive life span 1.06 [1.01-1.12]). No effect modification by BMI, waist circumference, or smoking was observed (P interaction all > 0.05).Conclusions: Early menopause is associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
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34. Plasma Vitamin C and Type 2 Diabetes: Genome-Wide Association Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis in European Populations
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Zheng, Ju-Sheng, Luan, Jian'an, Sofianopoulou, Eleni, Imamura, Fumiaki, Stewart, Isobel D, Day, Felix R, Pietzner, Maik, Wheeler, Eleanor, Lotta, Luca A, Gundersen, Thomas E, Amiano, Pilar, Ardanaz, Eva, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Fagherazzi, Guy, Franks, Paul W, Kaaks, Rudolf, Laouali, Nasser, Mancini, Francesca Romana, Nilsson, Peter M, Onland-Moret, N Charlotte, Olsen, Anja, Overvad, Kim, Panico, Salvatore, Palli, Domenico, Ricceri, Fulvio, Rolandsson, Olov, Spijkerman, Annemieke MW, Sánchez, María-José, Schulze, Matthias B, Sala, Núria, Sieri, Sabina, Tjønneland, Anne, Tumino, Rosario, Van Der Schouw, Yvonne T, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Riboli, Elio, Danesh, John, Butterworth, Adam S, Sharp, Stephen J, Langenberg, Claudia, Forouhi, Nita G, and Wareham, Nicholas J
- Subjects
Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Ascorbic Acid ,Mendelian Randomization Analysis ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,3. Good health ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Higher plasma vitamin C levels are associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk, but whether this association is causal is uncertain. To investigate this, we studied the association of genetically predicted plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted genome-wide association studies of plasma vitamin C among 52,018 individuals of European ancestry to discover novel genetic variants. We performed Mendelian randomization analyses to estimate the association of genetically predicted differences in plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes in up to 80,983 case participants and 842,909 noncase participants. We compared this estimate with the observational association between plasma vitamin C and incident type 2 diabetes, including 8,133 case participants and 11,073 noncase participants. RESULTS: We identified 11 genomic regions associated with plasma vitamin C (P < 5 × 10-8), with the strongest signal at SLC23A1, and 10 novel genetic loci including SLC23A3, CHPT1, BCAS3, SNRPF, RER1, MAF, GSTA5, RGS14, AKT1, and FADS1. Plasma vitamin C was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio per SD 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94), but there was no association between genetically predicted plasma vitamin C (excluding FADS1 variant due to its apparent pleiotropic effect) and type 2 diabetes (1.03; 95% CI 0.96, 1.10). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate discordance between biochemically measured and genetically predicted plasma vitamin C levels in the association with type 2 diabetes among European populations. The null Mendelian randomization findings provide no strong evidence to suggest the use of vitamin C supplementation for type 2 diabetes prevention.
35. Plasma Vitamin C and Type 2 Diabetes: Genome-Wide Association Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis in European Populations.
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Zheng JS, Luan J, Sofianopoulou E, Imamura F, Stewart ID, Day FR, Pietzner M, Wheeler E, Lotta LA, Gundersen TE, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Chirlaque MD, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Kaaks R, Laouali N, Mancini FR, Nilsson PM, Onland-Moret NC, Olsen A, Overvad K, Panico S, Palli D, Ricceri F, Rolandsson O, Spijkerman AMW, Sánchez MJ, Schulze MB, Sala N, Sieri S, Tjønneland A, Tumino R, van der Schouw YT, Weiderpass E, Riboli E, Danesh J, Butterworth AS, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Forouhi NG, and Wareham NJ
- Subjects
- Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Risk Factors, Ascorbic Acid blood, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 genetics
- Abstract
Objective: Higher plasma vitamin C levels are associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk, but whether this association is causal is uncertain. To investigate this, we studied the association of genetically predicted plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes., Research Design and Methods: We conducted genome-wide association studies of plasma vitamin C among 52,018 individuals of European ancestry to discover novel genetic variants. We performed Mendelian randomization analyses to estimate the association of genetically predicted differences in plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes in up to 80,983 case participants and 842,909 noncase participants. We compared this estimate with the observational association between plasma vitamin C and incident type 2 diabetes, including 8,133 case participants and 11,073 noncase participants., Results: We identified 11 genomic regions associated with plasma vitamin C ( P < 5 × 10
-8 ), with the strongest signal at SLC23A1 , and 10 novel genetic loci including SLC23A3 , CHPT1 , BCAS3 , SNRPF , RER1 , MAF , GSTA5 , RGS14 , AKT1 , and FADS1 . Plasma vitamin C was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio per SD 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94), but there was no association between genetically predicted plasma vitamin C (excluding FADS1 variant due to its apparent pleiotropic effect) and type 2 diabetes (1.03; 95% CI 0.96, 1.10)., Conclusions: These findings indicate discordance between biochemically measured and genetically predicted plasma vitamin C levels in the association with type 2 diabetes among European populations. The null Mendelian randomization findings provide no strong evidence to suggest the use of vitamin C supplementation for type 2 diabetes prevention., (© 2020 by the American Diabetes Association.)- Published
- 2021
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36. Smoking and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct study in European populations.
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Spijkerman AM, van der A DL, Nilsson PM, Ardanaz E, Gavrila D, Agudo A, Arriola L, Balkau B, Beulens JW, Boeing H, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Fagherazzi G, Feskens EJ, Franks PW, Grioni S, Huerta JM, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Redondo ML, Rolandsson O, Roswall N, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Schulze MB, Slimani N, Teucher B, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der Schouw YT, Langenberg C, Sharp SJ, Forouhi NG, Riboli E, and Wareham NJ
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- Adiposity physiology, Adult, Aged, Europe epidemiology, Feeding Behavior physiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms complications, Neoplasms epidemiology, Obesity complications, Obesity epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Smoking epidemiology
- Abstract
Objective: The aims of this study were to investigate the association between smoking and incident type 2 diabetes, accounting for a large number of potential confounding factors, and to explore potential effect modifiers and intermediate factors., Research Design and Methods: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct is a prospective case-cohort study within eight European countries, including 12,403 cases of incident type 2 diabetes and a random subcohort of 16,835 individuals. After exclusion of individuals with missing data, the analyses included 10,327 cases and 13,863 subcohort individuals. Smoking status was used (never, former, current), with never smokers as the reference. Country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and random-effects meta-analysis were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for type 2 diabetes., Results: In men, the HRs (95% CI) of type 2 diabetes were 1.40 (1.26, 1.55) for former smokers and 1.43 (1.27, 1.61) for current smokers, independent of age, education, center, physical activity, and alcohol, coffee, and meat consumption. In women, associations were weaker, with HRs (95% CI) of 1.18 (1.07, 1.30) and 1.13 (1.03, 1.25) for former and current smokers, respectively. There was some evidence of effect modification by BMI. The association tended to be slightly stronger in normal weight men compared with those with overall adiposity., Conclusions: Former and current smoking was associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes compared with never smoking in men and women, independent of educational level, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and diet. Smoking may be regarded as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and smoking cessation should be encouraged for diabetes prevention., (© 2014 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.)
- Published
- 2014
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