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This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the July 1965 of the journal Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. In the article The Optimal Location of Industry: An Interregional Linear Program for the West German Paper Industry, Heinz König and Rainer Thoss gave a general formulation of an interregional optimization model and discussed the advantages and limitations of this method of regional analysis. While in the article Development Theories of Balanced and Unbalanced Growth: A Confrontation, Lutz Hoffman reviewed the discussion on balanced growth and unbalanced growth.

This paper studies the large concentration of retirement behavior around statutory retirement ages, a puzzling stylized fact. To investigate this fact, I estimate bunching responses to 644 pension benefit discontinuities, using administrative data on the universe of German retirees. Financial incentives alone cannot explain retirement patterns, but there is a large direct effect of statutory retirement ages. I argue that the framing of statutory ages as reference points for retirement provides a plausible explanation. Simulations based on a model with reference dependence highlight that shifting statutory ages via pension reforms is an effective policy to influence retirement behavior. (JEL D91, H55, J26, J32) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lending cuts by banks directly affect the firms borrowing from them, but also indirectly depress economic activity in the regions in which they operate. This paper moves beyond firm-level studies by estimating the effects of an exogenous lending cut by a large German bank on firms and counties. I construct an instrument for regional exposure to the lending cut based on a historic, postwar breakup of the bank. I present evidence that the lending cut affected firms independently of their banking relationships, through lower aggregate demand and agglomeration spillovers in counties exposed to the lending cut. Output and employment remained persistently low even after bank lending had normalized. Innovation and productivity fell, consistent with the persistent effects. (JEL E32, E44, G01, G21, G32, R11, R23) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the incidence of corporate taxes on wages using a 20-year panel of German municipalities exploiting 6,800 tax changes for identification. Using event study designs and difference-in-differences models, we find that workers bear about one-half of the total tax burden. Administrative linked employer-employee data allow us to estimate heterogeneous firm and worker effects. Our findings highlight the importance of labor market institutions and profit-shifting opportunities for the incidence of corporate taxes on wages. Moreover, we show that low-skilled, young, and female employees bear a larger share of the tax burden. This has important distributive implications. (JEL H25, H31, H71, J16, J24, J31) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German economy exhibits rising service and declining manufacturing employment, but this decline is much sharper in import-competing than export-oriented branches. We first document the individual-level job transitions behind those trends. They are not driven by manufacturing workers who smoothly switch to services. The observed shifts are entirely due to young entrants and returnees from non-employment. We then investigate if rising trade with China and Eastern Europe causally affected those labor flows. Exploiting variation across industries and regions, we find that globalization did not speed up the manufacturing decline in Germany. It even retained those jobs in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical fertility transition is the process by which much of Europe and North America went from high to low fertility in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This transformation is central to recent accounts of long-run economic growth. Prior to the transition, women bore as many as eight children each, and the elasticity of fertility with respect to incomes was positive. Today, many women have no children at all, and the elasticity of fertility with respect to incomes is zero or even negative. This paper discusses the large literature on the historical fertility transition, focusing on what we do and do not know about the process. I stress some possible misunderstandings of the demographic literature, and discuss an agenda for future work. (JEL I12, J13, N30) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the book "Technology-Based Firms in the Innovation Process: Management, Financing and Regional Networks," edited by Knut Koschatzky. It has twelve papers which present the results of current research on technology-based firms in Germany. It focuses on their management, financing, and regional networks. These papers discuss: the development problems of small technology-based firms and ways of overcoming them; marketing in new technology- based firms; and crises of new technology-based firms.

This section presents information and updates related to the economics profession as of March 1988. The Electoral College on March 18, 1988, chose Gerard Debreu as nominee for President-elect of the American Economic Association in the balloting to be held in the autumn of 1988. Other nominees (chosen by the 1988 Nominating Committee) are; Vice-President (two to be elected) Alan S. Blinder, Andrew F. Brimmer, Christopher A. Sims, and Oliver E. Williamson; for members of the Executive Committee (two to be elected) William A. Darity Jr., Stanley Fischer, John B. Shoven, and Lawrence H. Summers. The Southern Economic Association will hold its annual meeting in San Antonio, Texas, November 20-22, 1988. The second annual meeting of the European Society for Population Economics will be held at the University of Mannheim, Federal Republic of Germany in June 1988. The Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago has received authorization to grant a Ph.D. in Business Economics. The new doctoral degree program is intended to prepare students for research careers in the business community or research/teaching careers in business colleges. Applicants with or without an MBA degree are welcome to apply. The new program complements the department's existing Ph.D. program which emphasizes public policy analysis.

We estimate that unemployment insurance (UI) extensions reduce reemployment wages using sharp age discontinuities in UI eligibility in Germany. We show this effect combines two key policy parameters: the effect of UI on reservation wages and the effect of nonemployment durations on wage offers. Our framework implies if UI extensions do not affect wages conditional on duration, then reservation wages do not bind. We derive resulting instrumental variable estimates for the effect of nonemployment durations on wage offers and bounds for reservation wage effects. The effect of UI on wages we find arises mainly from substantial negative nonemployment duration effects. (JEL J31, J64, J65) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about the book "Innovation in Production: The Adoption and Impacts of New Manufacturing Concepts in German Industry." The papers in this book discuss the diffusion of new production concepts in Germany; the performance impacts of new production concepts; the interaction of process and product innovation; the employment effects of new production concepts; worker participation and process innovations; flexibility at work; new pro- duction concepts and transborder relocation ; new production concepts and the case of teleservice; environmental practices in Germany's investment goods sector; the adoption of new production concepts in East Germany; the promotion of computer-integrated manufacturing in the new states of the former East Germany.

The article presents the book "Stochastic Programming Methods and Technical Applications," by Kurt Marti and Peter Kall. The book is a collection of twenty-seven tutorial and technical papers from the workshop of the Society for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics and the International Federation of Information Processing on stochastic optimization and technical application held on June 17-20, 1996 in Germany. The article also discusses various topics covered in the book and about authors of the book.

The article presents information about "The Unified Modeling Language: Technical Aspects and Applications," edited by Martin Schader and Axel Korthaus. Nineteen papers, of the book most originally presented at the German Society of Computer Science's GROOM-Workshop on Unified Modeling Language, held at the University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany, in October 1997, focus on the state of the art, evaluation, and applications of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Papers in the book compare the UML with other approaches, address some technical aspects and concepts of the UML, and discuss applications of the UML to business process modeling.

This paper analyzes the effects on voting behavior of information disseminated over the Internet. We address endogeneity in Internet availability by exploiting regional and technological peculiarities of the preexisting voice telephony network that hindered the roll-out of fixed-line infrastructure for high-speed Internet. We find negative effects of Internet availability on voter turnout, which we relate to a crowding-out of TV consumption and increased entertainment consumption. We find no evidence that the Internet systematically benefits specific parties, suggesting ideological self-segregation in online information consumption. Robustness tests, including placebo estimations from the pre-Internet period, support a causal interpretation of our results. (JEL D12, D72, L82, L86) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exploits the division of Germany after the Second World War and the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990 as a natural experiment to provide evidence for the importance of market access for economic development. In line with a standard new economic geography model, we find that, following division, cities in West Germany close to the East-West German border experienced a substantial decline in population growth relative to other West German cities. We show that the model can account for the quantitative magnitude of our findings and provide additional evidence against alternative possible explanations. (JEL F15, N94, R12, R23) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists began to conceptualize average total cost functions during the early decades of the twentieth century. But a century before, a German music publishing firm calculated and used in its internal decision making output-dependent average cost estimates for two methods of printing sheet music. Plainly, the printing processes entailed fixed setup costs and then the variable costs associated with labor, paper, ink, wiping cloths and spoilage. The first known volume-dependent average cost function mentioned in the formal literature of economics was by another railroad engineer. In the important theoretical developments emerging toward the end of the 19th century, marginal cost functions continued to be emphasized, and average, costs neglected, by neo-classicists. The concept of volume-dependent average costs began to enter the mainstream of economic theory only as the twentieth century dawned; it was fully integrated three decades later. The received economic literature traces the first real-world application of the concept to the 1880s. His example from the field of music publishing turns the practical application clock back by eight decades.

This article presents information about the book "Globalisation of R&D and Technology Markets: Consequences for National Innovation Policies: Proceedings of the International Conference on 1 and 2 December 1997 in Bonn, Petersberg, Germany organised by the BMBF and the FhG ISI." The papers in this book discuss the globalization of R&D and technology markets and conse- quences for national innovation policy; trends, motives, and consequences in the globalization of R&D and technology markets; emerging global economic trends and issues; globalization implications for industrial relations; European integration as an answer to technoglobalism; new challenges to education and research in a global economy and a Scandinavian perspective on how to improve local conditions for innovation.

The article provides information about the book "Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance" edited by James M. Poterba and Jürgen Von Hagen. Thirteen papers, presented at a conference in Bonn, Germany in June 1997 cosponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research and the University of Bonn's Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung explore the relationship between fiscal institutions and fiscal policy outcomes, including budget deficits. Papers discuss budget deficits and budget institutions; a model of endogenous fiscal deficits and delayed fiscal reforms; consumption smoothing through fiscal policy in OECD and EU countries; evidence from OECD countries on government fragmentation and fiscal policy outcomes; institutional arrangements and fiscal performance in Latin America; politics, institutions, and public sector spending in the Argentine provinces; a test of whether, and which, budgetary procedures have an impact on public debt, using data on Swiss municipalities; state fiscal institutions and the U.S. municipal bond market; electoral institutions, cabinet negotiations, and budget deficits in the European Union.

The article provides information about the book "Comparative Corporate Governance: The State of the Art and Emerging Research" edited by J. Klaus Hopt. Twenty-five papers, from a symposium held at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law in Hamburg, Germany in May 1997, examine corporate governance in Europe, the United States, and Japan. Papers consider corporate governance in historical perspective; corporate governance in emerging markets; securities regulation; the board of directors; labor co-determination and labor markets; financial intermediaries; capital markets and venture capital; the market for corporate control; disclosure and auditing; lenders as a force in corporate governance; Japanese corporate governance; and corporate governance in comparative perspective. Contributors include economists, historians, law professors, and some prominent actors in corporate governance. Coeditors of the book are Hideki Kanda, Mark J. Roe, Eddy Wymeerseh and Stefan Prigge. Hopt is Director of the Max Planck Institute for Foreign Private and Private International Law, Hamburg.

The article presents information about the book "The Social Market Economy: Theory and Ethics of the Economic Order." The book contains twelve papers presented at a conference held at St. Petersburg in February 1996, together with four previously published texts on the social market economy, three translated for the first time from German into English-present German and Russian post-Soviet perspectives on the foundations of a market economy and its institutional framework. The papers discuss the main ideas of the social market economy and their influence on economic policy in Germany; the idea of economic order in contemporary Russia; whether the market system has a reasonable chance to survive within an aging Western Europe; the chances for economic order in post-Soviet Russia; the need to equilibrate or counterbalance certain negative side effects of the market process and to consider the market embedded in the totality of the economic order; the ethics of business in Russia.

The article presents information on a book "Rules of Competition and East-West Integration," edited by Michael Fritsch and Hendrik Hansen. The book discusses twelve papers, from a conference held at the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany, in July 1996, which focuses on the relationship between competition policy within the European Union (EU) and the eventual integration of the Central and Eastern European countries into the EU. The papers discuss issues in East-West integration and competition policy; potential contradictions between the deepening and widening of the European Union and how they can be resolved; New Zealand's adjustment to structural change and lessons for the potential conflict between competition and cohesion in the CEECs; competition policy during transition in the East German economy and the role of the Federal Cartel Office; appropriate rules of competition during transformation, focusing on the case of Poland; Hungarian competition policy during transition and competition policy for integration.

The article presents information on the book "Private Action and the Public Good," edited by Walter W. Powell and Elizabeth S. Clemens. The book describes twenty papers which contribute to an understanding of the nonprofit mission and its performance. These papers discuss the contested nature of the public good; the public good as a social and cultural project; the meaning of altruism; the religious ethic and the spirit of nonprofit entrepreneurship; institutional form and organizational behavior; external influences and the comparative performance of public, for-profit, and private nonprofit organizations; the quality of day care for children in Canada, by auspice; parental perceptions about the quality of day care centers in comparison with actual differentials in the industry by organizational form; nonprofit in the political economy; government nonprofit collaboration in Germany and the U.S.; nonprofit organizations and the welfare state in France.

The article presents information on the book "Negotiating the New Germany: Can Social Partnership Survive?," edited by Lowell Turner. It discusses ten papers, originating at the conference "The Political Economy of the New Germany," held at Cornell University in October 1994, and subsequently presented at the International Industrial Relations Association Tenth World Congress, held in Washington D.C. during May-June 1995, address two related questions, what type of political economy is emerging in unified Germany and what has happened to the German "social partnership" since unification. The book also discusses German industrial relations under pressure; institutional transfer and the remaking of vocational training practices in eastern Germany; active labor policy mediated by the so-called employment and training companies, and German unification; unions in the new Lander; crisis, conflict, and social partnership in the East; German unification, policy errors, and the "siren song" of deregulation; political adaptation to growing labor market segmentation; the limits of German manufacturing flexibility; labor-management relations in the new Germany; and the "second coming" of the Bonn Republic.

The article presents information about the book "Tamed Power: Germany in Europe," by edited by Peter J. Katzenstein. Seven papers in the book investigate the institutionalized taming of Germany's power in Europe through a set of empirical case studies that explore different patterns of influence linking Germany with the European Union (EU), on the one hand, and Germany and the EU, with a number of smaller European states on the other. Papers in the book discuss the constitutive politics of the European Union and German power; hard interests, soft power, and Germany's changing role in Europe; the Low Countries and Germany in the European Union; Spain and Greece in the European Union; the Europeanization of Scandinavian political economies; Central Europe between internationalization and institutionalization.

The article discusses about the book "Sustainability, Growth, and Poverty Alleviation: A Policy and Agroecological Perspective," edited by Stephen A. Vosti and Thomas Reardon. Twenty-two papers, originating at an international conference held in Germany in October 1991 by the International Food Policy Research Institute and the Deutsche Stiftung fur International Entwicklung, provide an operational focus to the sustainability issue; present zone specific reviews of how growth could affect sustainability and how poverty could affect sustainability, and of how sustainability could affect each of these.

The article discusses about the book "Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions," edited by Thomas K. McCraw. Twelve papers explore the capitalist era since 1820 in Great Britain, Germany, the United States, and Japan, considering how growth occurred and illustrating the role of entrepreneurs and business firms through biographical sketches and company histories. Contributors are in the fields of history and business administration. McCraw is Isidor Straus Professor of Business History at the Harvard Business School.

The article evaluates the journal "Economics," which reports results of German research studies in the field of economics, published biannually by the Institute for Scientific Cooperation.

The article provides information on the book "Successful Transformations? The Creation of Market Economies in Eastern Germany and the Czech Republic," by Martin Myant. The book consists eight papers, which explore how far the transformations in eastern Germany and the Czech Republic have been successful in creating "modern" market economies and in laying the basis for self-sustaining growth in the future. Kurt Hornschild describes the broad policy framework for east Germany and its impact on the economy. Frank Fleiseher contributes two papers: one discussing the organization of east German industry prior to reunification and the role of the "Treuhandanstalt", the agency put in charge of the state-owned companies of the former GDR, and another examining east Germany's new firms. Ruzena Vintrova outlines the macroeconomic policy framework in the Czech Republic, considers a possible conflict between pro-growth and anti-inflationary policies, and points to a number of current policy dilemmas. Martin Myant summarizes the change in the Czech economic structure and indicates possible similarities with and differences from other east-central European countries.

The article presents information about the book "Perspectives on Modern German Economic History and Policy," by Knut Borchardt, translated by Peter Lambert. This book consists of eleven essays which address the history of German economic development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The research papers examine protectionism in historical perspective, the question of capital shortage in the first half of the nineteenth century in Germany, regional variations in growth in Germany in the nineteenth century with particular reference to the west-east developmental gradient, investment in education and instruction in the nineteenth century, and changes in the phenomenon of the business cycle over the last hundred years, among others.

The article presents comments of economists George Soule, Harry W. Laidler and Eduard Heimann on researchers Summer H. Slichter's and Kirk Hinrich research papers related to economic instability. Schule argues that socialism is not synonymous with economic isolation. Germany and Italy are today following the policy of autarchy, although they are about as far from socialism as any regime that can be imagined. The Soviet Union, which is socialist, has been compelled by historic necessity to become nearly self-contained, but this is a departure from socialist theory, which remains internationalist. During the depression the government has devoted nearly as much borrowed money to the relief of unemployed capital as it has to the relief of unemployed labor. Laidler argues that the arguments of Slichter against wage cuts as a means to recovery axe far stronger. He agrees with Hinrichs that one should regard stability as a dynamic, not as a static concept. Heimann argues that Slichter made a rather unusual statement in saying that the present system is nearly always on the verge of shrinkage.

Until 1924 Germany was on a paper standard. Reparation payments under London settlement did indeed cause the mark to depredate, to a value finally of one billionth of a dollar, but exports did not exceed imports. In 1924 came the Dawes Plan. It adopted for the first time as a rule of procedure the principle of capacity to pay. It passed no judgment on capacity, and was less concerned with immediate than with ultimate capacity. It sought chiefly to establish the conditions which would develop and test capacity. This was indeed a great advance, it put the problem in a new and hopeful setting. The Dawes Plan set up the necessary condition to test capacity to pay. The gold standard was restored, and protected by transfer clauses conditioning reparation payments upon its maintenance. The budget was to be balanced, and for the first time reparation payments were budgeted. The plan sought to adjust the tax burden by gradual stages to German capacity, and it relied on a preliminary foreign loan to ease the transfer process.

There are two ways of approaching this question of revisions of European debt settlements. One is by an appeal to historical, legal, sentimental, and certain long-run economic considerations, the method that has been followed in the two papers preceding this. The other is to examine the drift of events which may conceivably have much to do with settling the argument. It is possible that the matter may be taken out of our hands, so to speak, and that new adjustments may occur while one is still debating. One will be remembered that in May 1921, claims against Germany were finally set at some 132 milliards of gold marks, including A, B and C bonds, and that attempts were made to collect 5 per cent interest plus 1 per cent sinking fund charges on the A and B bonds or a total of three milliards of marks per year. Against this effort disinterested economists everywhere protested. The Ruhr invasion and the collapse of Germany bear witness to the folly of demanding the impossible. Today the discussion rages around the possibility of collecting only 2.5 milliards per year which is a 6 per cent return on only 41,666,000,000 marks.

This paper is centered on two major theses—The formal social security system is a minor factor in the quest for economic stability, and the utility of a social security system such as that toward which people are tending is dubious unless economic stability is attained. Those who have lived through two world wars scarcely need be reminded of what wars do to economic stability. The victorious nations emerge to face situations which from the standpoint of what ought to be done and how it should be done are more difficult than war itself. Political divisions among the victorious allies and among the people of a single victorious nation are broadened and intensified and lead to bitter controversies. As to the vanquished, many will recall studies of the social security legislation of Germany prior to the first World War and possibly the admiration for the efficiency that country had attained in the administration of government. The example of Germany today does not greatly advance the cause of those who would have the United States follow the policies adopted in Western Europe.

Presents information related to several articles on economics. Economic growth and productivity in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany and Japan in the post war period; Dividend policies of electric utility firms; Relationship between the quantity of materials imported by the United States and the level of industrial production and prices of imports.

We use rich German administrative data to estimate new measures of skill transferability between manufacturing and other sectors. These measures capture the value of workers' human capital when applied in different sectors and are directly related to workers' displacement costs. We estimate these transferability measures using a selection correction model, which addresses workers' endogenous mobility, and a novel selection instrument based on the social network of workers. Our results indicate substantial heterogeneity in how workers can transfer their skills when they move across sectors, which implies heterogeneous displacement costs that depend on the sector to which workers reallocate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about the book "Big Business and the Wealth of Nations," edited by Alfred D. Chandler, Franco Amatori and Takashi Hikino. Nineteen papers, resulting from the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, held in Milan in 1994, explore how national and international economies have been influenced by the dynamics of big business over the past century. Part 1 provides an overview of the historical and comparative contours of big business and examines the contributions of the large industrial enterprises to modern economic growth. Part 2 presents national experiences of big business in the United States, Great Brit- am, Germany, the small European nations.

We give an overview of the "German model" of industrial relations. We organize our review by focusing on the two pillars of the model: sectoral collective bargaining and firm-level codetermination. Relative to the United States, Germany outsources collective bargaining to the sectoral level, resulting in higher coverage and the avoidance of firm-level distributional conflict. Relative to other European countries, Germany makes it easy for employers to avoid coverage or use flexibility provisions to deviate downwards from collective agreements. The greater flexibility of the German system may reduce unemployment, but may also erode bargaining coverage and increase inequality. Meanwhile, firm-level codetermination through worker board representation and works councils creates cooperative dialogue between employers and workers. Board representation has few direct impacts owing to worker representatives' minority vote share, but works councils, which hold a range of substantive powers, may be more impactful. Overall, the German model highlights tensions between efficiency-enhancing flexibility and equity-enhancing collective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the book "Immigration, Citizenship, and the Welfare State in Germany and the United States: Immigrant Incorporation," edited by Herman Kurthen, Jürgen Fijalkowski and Gert G. Wagner. It discusses various issues related to the labor market status of the U.S. immigrants, migrants and nationality and gender specific labor market opportunities in Germany; the integration of immigrants into West German society and the impact of social assistance and the fiscal impacts of immigration on the American and German welfare states.

The article focuses on the book "The Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia: Conservatives, Bureaucracy, and the Social Question, 1815-70," by Beck Hermann. The book investigates the social, ideological, and political preconditions that led to the rise of the authoritarian welfare state in Prussia, Germany and describes the pauperism in Prussia during the 1820s and 1830s and the social question it raised. The book also discusses the bureaucracy and social legislation after the Revolution and transition to a constitutional state.

The article presents information about the book "German Industry and German Industrialisation: Essays in German Economic and Business History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century," by W.R. Lee. This book consists of ten papers which examine German economic and business history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It focuses on some recent issues and debates in the modern historiography of German industrial development.

We analyze under what conditions intermarriage can be used as an indicator of tolerance, and whether such tolerant attitudes persisted in Germany during the twentieth century. We find strong evidence for the persistence of tolerant attitudes towards intermarriage with Jews. At the same time, our empirical analysis also cautions against using intermarriage as a simple proxy for tolerance: The size of Jewish communities in the early twentieth century is an important confounding factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates monetary policy in the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Specifically, the authors are concerned with identifying the determinants of the yield on long-term government bonds. Analysis of empirical data for German and U.S. government securities yields several findings. Long-term rates in the EMU are determined almost exclusively by both U.S. shocks, and U.S. and European responseshttp://bkstrm.epnet.com:8080/ai/images/save.gif Save to them. One implication for European monetary authorities is that more attention should be paid to U.S. economic variables than to local ones.

Over the last 20 years the wage-education relationships in the United States and Germany have evolved very differently, while the education compositions of employment have evolved in a parallel fashion. In this paper, we show how these patterns shed light on the nature of recent technological change and highlight the importance of taking into account movements in the ratio of human capital to physical capital when examining changes in the returns to skill. Our analysis indicates that the United States could have prevented the increase in wage inequality observed in the 1980's by a faster accumulation of physical capital. (JEL J3, 03) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on the book "Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne: Anglo-German Emigrants," by Joseph P. Huffman. The book investigates relations between England and the German city of Cologne from 1000 to 1300, through a case study of economic, political, social, and religious ties between England and Cologne. The book discusses the London guildhall and Cologne's rise to dominance, both economic and political, among the cities of Germany in the eleventh and twelfth centuries; the rise of the Hansa towns and the decline of Cologne's dominance in the thirteenth century; Anglo- German currency exchanges; the formation of individual and family identity in medieval Cologne as revealed by property holding, inheritance, and surnames; the social, economic, and legal status of the English in Cologne during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; Cologne families with English connections; Cologners in England; and the variety of religious and cut tural exchanges between Cologne and the English kingdom.

The article presents the book "Immigration, Citizenship, and the Welfare State in Germany and the United States: Welfare Policies and Immigrant's Citizenship," edited by Herman Kurthen, Jürgen Fijalkowski and Gert G. Wagner. The book discusses the importance of citizenship policies in Germany and the U.S. in fostering the inclusion of immigrants. It also discusses how societal perceptions and pressures influence policies relating to foreigners in Germany and the U.S.; the social and political rights of foreigners in Germany and issues in the reform of German citizenship regulations within the wider context of European integration.

This article focuses on the "The Economic Development of Germany Since 1870," vol. 2nd, edited by Wolfram Fischer. The two volume set containing thirty-four previously published papers that examine different aspects of the economic development of Germany since 1870. Volume 1 analyzes long-run patterns of growth, structural changes, and cycles in German economic development; studies Germany within the world economy of the nineteenth century and its performance in comparison to other countries, mainly Great Britain and the United States; and takes a microeconomic view of economic development, focusing on German enterprises.

This article focuses on the book "Reforming the Welfare State," edited by Herbert Giersch. The book contains twelve papers, plus comments, originally presented at the 1995 Egon-Sohmen-Foundation symposium held in Prague, consider issues facing the welfare state. Essays focus on the past rise of social security: moral hazard in the welfare state: the pros and cons of a negative income tax; the future scope for self-reliance and private insurance: the Swedish model; welfare reform in Germany.

Germany has one of the most generous retirement systems in the world. At the same time, Germany also faces one of the most incisive population aging processes. The ratio of workers to pensioners will decrease to less than 1:1 within the next generation. This will put the German pay-as-you-go social-security system under severe pressure. Already, Germany has experienced a sharp increase in the contribution rate to the social-security system. This paper shows that the German public pension system is a textbook example of negative incentive effects on system participation and old-age labor supply. The design of the current system will make coping with the future demographic challenges particularly difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions of modern scientific research's organization point to the 19th-century emergence of German research universities as evidence that state investment in nondirected academic research, when coupled with beneficial relations between academic research and industry, and when stimulated by appropriate incentives such as protection of intellectual property in an open, competitive system, can lead to explosive growth in scientific knowledge and rapid improvement of industry. This paper examines three episodes in the evolution of Germany's research system pointing to the roles of state interests and innovative ministerial leadership in fashioning the research system to meet state needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rarely have economists been treated to an economic "experiment" comparable to the one of German reunification. In less than a year, a single political and economic entity is being fused from two economies with fundamentally different underlying principles of economic organization and substantially different levels of economic development. German Economic and Monetary Union (GEMU) on the process of European economic and political integration, many European Community (EC) policymakers have perceived German reunification as adding impetus to the "1992" program. This paper examines economic implications of GEMU for the European integration process. In so doing, it makes reference to the burgeoning literature on the economic consequences of German reunification. Consideration of statistical information related to the performance of eastern and western Germany since June 1990 permits some evaluation of the validity of certain hypotheses underlying earlier studies of GEMU, as well as an assessment of likely consequences for EC policymaking and performance.

This article focuses on Germany's plan to pay and the reparation plan. The control of the transfers is in the hands of an agent acting under the direction of a committee of six, including the agent and one appointee by the Reparation Commission from each of the five Allied and Associated Powers interested in reparations. Members of this committee must be qualified to deal with foreign exchange problems and skilled in matters of foreign exchange and finance. But the problem of transfers lies in the realm of international trade as well as of finance and foreign exchange, and the whole history of reparations points to the probability that the single member who is to represent each of the governments concerned will always be a financier or financial expert only, and not an economist well versed in both of the relevant fields. Every conversant person knows that the transfers can ultimately be effected only through the medium of an excess of exports of German goods and services over the imports of the same into Germany.