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The characteristics of perpendicular recording media with a soft underlayer are examined with the help of a readback model. The media signal to noise ratio (SNR) declines by about 4.7 dB due to cluster formation with areas equal to about three times the grain size.

The physics of the write and erase processes in perpendicular recording are examined by using the MAGPAR (micromagnetic/FEM) model. The model results have shown that a partial domain is formed with the first current pulse and the following odd pulses has caused the domain to grow while the even pulses have made it shrink.

The incomplete magnetization switching that takes place between two recorded transitions in perpendicular magnetic recording is studied with the help of a micromagnetic model. The impact of the incomplete switching in the media signal-to-noise ratio is studied and the transition parameter calculated to evaluate the transition noise and dc noise under complete and incomplete switching conditions.