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Malaysia has targeted to achieve 40% of renewable energy (RE) by 2035. It is evident that solar energy shall contribute the largest portion of the target due to the abundant resources of solar in Malaysia. Nevertheless, Malaysia should not limit its' RE resources to only solar energy. This includes RE in the likes of wind energy. Although generally Malaysia has comparatively low annual average wind speed, numerous studies have shown that there are several areas with relatively higher annual average wind speed. These areas may potentially be considered for wind energy development. Several methodologies have been utilized by researchers to identify such areas. Several researchers opted to develop wind maps to identify the potential area in Malaysia for wind energy development. Interpolation methods such as Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging are commonly utilised in wind mapping studies as these methods are effective to estimate the wind speed at unmeasured area. This paper reviews the comparison between the wind speed interpolation methods which are IDW and Kriging for wind energy applications in Malaysia. Among the interpolation parameters compared include input, results and validation. The way forward proposed by this paper will aid as a reference for future advances in wind mapping in Malaysia and its surrounding region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying energy management approach is an effective strategy to implement initiatives to reduce energy costs from energy saving measures. In implementing energy efficiency measures through energy management, standards are often being referred and used as the guides. Standards related to energy management can be classified into management standard and technical standard. Rating systems are often developed with specific requirements that will used to determine the level of rating to be achieved for specific project or building facilities. These requirements are grouped and managed in the form of points or scores for each requirement. For the recognitions or to gain credentials of the use of any standard, the next step for the organization is to obtain the third-party involvement through certification or rating based on chosen the standard or rating system. In Malaysia, there are locally and international energy management standards and green building rating systems that are referred and applied and this paper will explain and discuss further two energy management standards namely ISO50001:2018 Energy Management Systems — Requirements with Guidance for Use and ASEAN Energy Management Scheme (AEMAS) Energy Management Gold Standard (EMGS) and one rating system which is Green Building Index (GBI) in Malaysia. The adoption of energy management system standards and the use of rating system related too energy efficiency can play a significant role in promoting this shift toward more intensive and sustainable energy efficiency implementation in Malaysia through initiatives by the government and measures taken by users especially large energy users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is among the highest consumers in terms of energy consumption and intensity per capita in Asia. In 2020, per capita energy consumption in Malaysia will be 2.7 toe. Where it turns out to be higher than the neighboring country. Per capita electricity consumption has increased from 3 900 kWh per capita in 2010 to 4 600 kWh in 2020. The objective of this paper is to study the energy scenario in Malaysia, especially after going through the Covid 19 pandemic phase which has crippled almost the entire economic sector of the country and see how the potential for renewable energyin Malaysia after going through the pandemic phase. Where Malaysia is focusing on sustainable and prudent energy use and efficient resource management under the 11th Malaysia Plan (2016–2020) through introduction of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) (2016–2025). NEEAP provide instruments for the successful implementation ofenergy efficiency strategies in country through well-coordinated and cost-effective energy implementation efficiency measures in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors. Realize need to improve energy efficiency and conservationinitiatives, Malaysia is developing a comprehensive new Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act (EECA) in an effort to reach its country aspirations, as well as the effective use of energy across key sectors. EECA will outline the comprehensive measures necessary to promote the efficient use of energy, including goal setting, communication, and education. It will also initiate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a regulatory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, there are at least l0,000 government schools that are operating five days a week, for ten months every year. All these schools' energy usage and bills are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education Malaysian Government. The majority of the schools were traditionally designed and are still being used even though the age of the buildings is more than 30 years. In essence, not much energy efficiency design and management were incorporated into the initial designed. The demand for energy use is expected to rise dramatically in the coming years due to many factors such as the increasing number of students' enrolment and the demand for comfortable indoor environment in response to global climate effects. Therefore, there are many ideas, concepts and technologies that have been introduced towards energy conservation in buildings. The Malaysia Energy Commission introduced Energy Efficiency (EE) Challenge for schools to participate and win prizes offered by the agency. It is one of the government's initiatives to reduce energy consumption in schools and mark a starting point for schools in Malaysia moving forward to becoming energy efficient school building. The design element with lean energy management is the sole focused on passive retrofit strategy. This paper highlights the data of five schools that have consistently joined the EE Challenge from 20l6 to 20l9. The method of data secured is from the submitted report of EE Challenge to Malaysia Energy Commissions. Most of the schools managed to reduce their energy usage after participating in the challenge. Remarkably, the passive design technique implemented can effectively reduce electricity bills in schools. This study contributes to the buildings stakeholder, building industry professionals and national or international organizations who preferred sustainable building practices. On top of that, the government will benefit in terms of reducing the cumulative amount of electric bills that need to be spent annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of a case study to achieve energy-efficient performance of conventional office buildings in Malaysia. Two multi-storey office buildings in Federal Territory of Malaysia have been selected. The aim is to study building energy saving potential then to highlight the appropriate measures that can be implemented. Data was collected using benchmarking method by comparing the measured consumption to other similar office buildings and a series of preliminary audit which involves interviews, a brief review of utility and operating data as well as a walkthrough in the buildings. Additionally, in order to get a better understanding of major energy consumption in the selected buildings, general audit have been conducted to collect more detailed information about building operation. In the end, this study emphasized low-cost and no-cost practice to achieve energy efficiency with significant results in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the framework for the implementation of an On-Bill Financing (OBF) scheme that is designed to catalyse the transformation of commercial buildings to be energy efficient. The scheme funds eligible consumers to switch their old appliances to 5-star energy equipment with no capital investment from the building owner. Repayments are made through offsets from the reduction in their electricity bill. This scheme is projected to have as low as 1% default rate. It is expected to offer commercially attractive, off balance sheet financing model for implementation of turnkey energy efficient building retrofits. This will address the high up-front cost of undertaking building retrofits, financing capability and will deliver significant financial, energy savings and CO2 emission reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Malaysia progresses towards 2020, the depleting resource of oil and gas has forced a re-look at alternatives to replace fossil fuels as energy sources. Among the viable options is nuclear energy, enabling us to meet energy needs and sustain national development in the twenty-first century. Three essential steps Malaysia must take to introduce nuclear power into its energy mix are: energy planning, infrastructure development, and deployment. Malaysia has to face a series of challenges, including public acceptance, waste management, minimizing proliferation risk, and ensuring the security of nuclear plants and materials. Timely development of qualified and competent manpower is a key limiting factor in the development and transfer of nuclear technologies -- and education and training take time, effort and money. There is a need for political will. Within the Asian region, China, Korea and Japan are in the forefront in utilizing nuclear power to meet electricity demands. Countries such as UAE, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Turkey are moving ahead with the nuclear option for electricity generation and they have begun planning and construction of nuclear power plants. Against this backdrop, what are Malaysia's moves? This paper discusses various options and challenges, obstacles and repercussions in meeting future energy demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change due to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is one of the most complex challenges threatening our planet. This issue considered as a great and international concern that primary attributed from different fossil fuels. In this paper, regression model is used for analyzing the causal relationship among CO2 emissions based on the energy consumption in Malaysia using time series data for the period of 1980-2010. The equations were developed using regression model based on the eight major sources that contribute to the CO2 emissions such as non energy, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), diesel, kerosene, refinery gas, Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) and Aviation Gasoline (AV Gas), fuel oil and motor petrol. The related data partly used for predict the regression model (1980-2000) and partly used for validate the regression model (2001-2010). The results of the prediction model with the measured data showed a high correlation coefficient (R²=0.9544), indicating the model's accuracy and efficiency. These results are accurate and can be used in early warning of the population to comply with air quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing sector, a major contributor to greenhouse gases (GHG), is struggling to reduce its negative environmental impacts. The GHG emissions of this sector highlight its misuse of environmental assets, waste, high energy usage and pollution. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is a strategy aimed at addressing environmental issues and thus achieving a risk-free environment. This study had two objectives: the first was to determine which barriers might potentially constrain the introduction of GSCM into Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) engaged in the food and beverage (F&B) market in Malaysia. This would be achieved by interviewing 20 participants belonging to F&B organisations in Kelantan and Terengganu face-to-face. Secondly, the study aimed to adopt an approach based on the quantitative AHP to ascertain the impact of different priorities relating to the barriers. The findings reveal that technological barriers constitute the most prominent obstacle to the adoption of GSCM practices among SMEs, while further barriers were identified and are listed in order of significance: information, financial, organisational, and involvement and support. This study's findings will enable F&B organisations to identify their weakest areas and formulate strategies to effectively implement GSCM. In addition, this study assists the manufacturing industry by identifying the most appropriate approaches to reducing its negative externalities and protecting the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transport is one of the methods to reduce traffic congestion. At present, around 61,000 buses are operating all over Malaysia. Most of these buses are run by diesel which led to the contribution of greenhouse gases emissions. To tackle this issue, Battery Electric Bus (BEB) is one of the solutions to reduce carbon emissions as well as traffic congestion. Even though some major cities already implemented and used BEB to solve the issue, but it is quite unusual to use BEB in the rural area, especially here in Malaysia due to some factors. Limited by driving range, BEB needs to spend some time to be recharged at a certain range. In Malaysia, there is around 309 charging station already make available to be used for the electric vehicle around the peninsular by ChargEV Malaysia. However, most chargers can only be accessed around the major cities, making it quite difficult and costly to implement in the rural area. Thus, a study will be conducted to do electric bus planning for rural transportation. The study will be constructed based on the same number of trips and a similar existing route by Perbadanan Pengangkutan Awam Johor (PAJ). Numbers of routes will be taken randomly all over Johor and two routes will be chosen which are situated in the rural area and have the longest route as well as take the longest time to reach the destination by considering the typical traffic along the route. Proper analysis is conducted to utilize onboard solar PV (OBSPV) for electric buses which may be able to reduce the stops time required at charging stations to charge the battery and increase the range of electric bus mobility. Using General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) an optimization software, the bus planning will be optimized to determine the proper scheduling of the bus (to reduce the waiting time of the passenger) as well as the economic impact to implement the project. From this, no additional charging station will be required other than the bus terminal itself. Besides that, a case study of electric buses with and without OBSPV is also will be presented. The environmental impact will be analysed as well by comparing the implementation of BEB and the existing diesel bus in terms of CO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine the short-run and long-run dynamic causal relationship between energy consumption and income per capita both in bivariate and multivariate framework over the period 1971-2014 in the case of Malaysia [1]. The study applies ARDL Bound test procedure for the long run co-integration and Granger causality test for investigation of causal link between the variables. The ARDL bound test confirms the existence of long run co-integration relationship between the variables. The causality test show a feed-back hypothesis between income per capita and energy consumption over the period in the case of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption in Malaysia has increased considerably as the economy and culture have developed, with an increase of roughly 154 percent in fourteen years and a significant increase from 2019 to 2021. The majority of relevant research focuses on building textiles and household appliances, with little attention paid to inhabitants' energy use attitudes toward energy conservation. As a result, the goal of this research is to look into domestic energy use in Malaysia through a survey that focuses on the characteristics of energy use in urban households, demographics and building information, occupant behavior in cooling occupancy patterns, attitudes toward smart meters, and energy-saving policies. According to the findings of the survey, the ultimate energy consumption in Malaysia is influenced by family annual income. According to this study, high electrical energy users are more likely to have a higher family annual income and use their heating and cooling systems for longer periods of time. Furthermore, it was shown that smart meter acceptability in Malaysia is low because the majority of respondents are unaware of the possibilities of smart meters, implying that an awareness campaign is required if the government wishes to implement the use of smart meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meter reading system which is used by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), a Malaysia electricity provider company is taken once a month and manually taken from meter reading on-site of the premises. This has led to unexpected bill costs to customers because of poor energy usage management. On-site meter reading also facing a few difficulties such as unable to do meter reading due to cannot reach a meter in premises area or facing obstacles such as flood, dog and etc. Furthermore, the current system used especially in the restriction movement control order situation because of Covid-19 pandemic had leads to the statistical error in monthly electricity bills when meter reading activity was unable to be conducted as usual. This project aims to develop an IoT-based meter reading that can improve the current domestic meter reading system in Malaysia. This system is using ACS-712 as the current sensor, ESP8266 Node MCU as WiFi module, Arduino Uno and IoT server. IoT-based meter reading is a system that can be used to monitor real-time electricity usage and cost. The daily power usage will be updated on mobile from time to time through Blynk and ThingSpeak. This IoT based meter reading can display the total power usage and total cost of power usage on the Blynk application. This system will also send notification alerts in the Blynk application through the WiFi module when the power usage is reached the threshold value. Lastly, the power usage can be monitored on mobile applications through Thingspeak in terms of graphs and users can monitor the current bill from time to time to achieve good management on power usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on cultivate energy literacy among university students in Malaysia and proposes ways to use behavior modification methods to improve energy literacy. Students' energy literacy is an essential of the "greening" effort, but they know little about how students understand energy consumption and conservation in universities. According to our survey results, more than half of the students gain energy-related knowledge mainly through informal learning experiences, which has raised concerns about the lack of awareness of energy-saving measures in Malaysian universities. Data on energy use, energy efficiency, expected behavior, and other issues with high visibility and visual performance may help improve energy literacy. Energy consumption, efficiency, desired behavior, and its rationale, as a visible and visual representation of data from institutional faculty, staff, and students, may help improve students' energy awareness and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational building is the biggest contributor for energy consumption because to provide comfort and suitable workplace to learn. The energy consumption of air conditioning system reaches about 60% of the educational building especially for the hot and humid weather in Malaysia. In recent years, the issue of energy consumption in the building sector has been studied. Building energy simulation is one of technique to minimize the demand of energy consumption. IES VE software was used to model the library building, as well as analyze the energy consumption and energy saving. The research aims at identifying the most energy consumption of library building in UiTM Bertam, where the objective is to minimize the consumption. In this study, internal heat gain is necessary to consider in the building simulation. The results showed that the 53% of total energy consumption was consumed by air conditioning (AC) system. The rescheduling of chiller operating hours is potentially to reduce energy usage by AC system. Based on the simulation model, the energy consumption by AC system was decreases by 5.9%. Finally, the findings show the library building is possible to achieve the energy saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]