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The construction of tunnel is challenging inHimalayan terrain because its uncertain nature. Many times, things remain unnoticed during the tunneling operations even with surface mapping and geotechnical investigations which ultimately create hardship in the construction of tunnels. The solution of this problem is important because tunnels are important mode of communication by road, railways, pipelines and for defense purposes. The nature of the tunnel varies according to their usage. The construction will depend on the conditions of soil, ground water and nature of the rock present in that area. Tunnels are important as it connect many urban or villages together and make travel shorter and cheap. Earlier it is much time consuming to construct a tunnel as it took too much time but now a days with the advancement of technology tunnels become bit easier and safer. The inspection of the tunnel is also very necessary before and after the tunneling operations. In our paper we are showing some older and new techniques which are using in the Himalayan terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a well-established multivariate analysis technique that helps in reducing dimensions of big datasets (possibly correlated variables) into a fewer number of uncorrelated variables known as principal components. Now a day's its application can be seen in biostatistics, marketing, sociology and other fields. In order to determine the pattern of variation with a view to identifying potential improvement in the parent population, this study aims to empirically demonstrate the application of the principal component analysis by the use of grain yield and its component characteristics data for fifty maize genotypes in the North-West plain area of India were collected from AICRP Annual Maize Progress Report of Kharif 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]