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Although field emission devices are inherently robust to high temperature and radiation environments as well as have high switching speeds, their development has been hindered by high voltages that are typically required for their operation. In this work, we investigate the effect of thin-film praseodymium (Pr) coating on the emission characteristics of a lateral gold (Au) field emitter array. Because Pr has a significantly lower work function than Au, it is expected to increase the field emission measured current. Pr is deposited onto the device via thermal angled evaporation in a custom-built vacuum chamber with in situ electrical characterization capability. Our experiments demonstrate that a 10 nm-thick Pr layer reduces the turn-on voltage by almost half compared to the noncoated Au structure. These results are promising for the development of power-efficient, low voltage field emission electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic properties and the possible interaction mechanisms of anisotropic soft- and hard-magnetic multilayers have been investigated by altering the thickness of different kinds of spacer layers. The metal Ta and the insulating oxides MgO, Cr2O3 have been chosen as spacer layers to investigate the characteristics of the interactions between soft- and hard-magnetic layers in the anisotropic Nd-Dy-Fe-Co-B/α-Fe multilayer system. The dipolar and exchange interaction between hard and soft phases are evaluated with the help of the first order reversal curve method. The onset of the nucleation field and the magnetization reversal by domain wall movement are also evident from the first-order-reversal-curve measurements. Reversible/irreversible distributions reveal the natures of the soft- and hard-magnetic components. Incoherent switching fields are observed and the calculations show the semiquantitative contributions of hard and soft components to the system. An antiferromagnetic spacer layer will weaken the interaction between ferromagnetic layers and the effective interaction length decreases. As a consequence, the dipolar magnetostatic interaction may play an important role in the long-range interaction in anisotropic multilayer magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report a simple alignment method to align silver nanowires (Ag NWs) using a dip-coating technique while controlling the temperature of glass substrate and Ag NW dispersion. It is found that the structural anisotropy and transmittance characteristics of the substrate lined with the Ag NWs depend on the temperature of the dispersion and substrate and the withdrawal velocity. The maximum structural anisotropy of the aligned Ag NWs was 0.947 at a withdrawal velocity of 1.0 mm/s and a temperature of 80 °C. In addition, a glass substrate with the aligned Ag NWs shows a high transmittance of 96.7% at the sheet resistance of 22 Ω/sq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilayers of the oxide 3d ferromagnet La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) and the 5d paramagnet SrIrO3 (SIO) with large spin–orbit coupling (SOC) have been investigated regarding the impact of interfacial SOC on magnetic order. For the growth sequence of LSMO on SIO, ferromagnetism is strongly altered and large out-of-plane-canted anisotropy associated with lacking magnetic saturation up to 4 T has been observed. Thin bilayer films have been grown coherently in both growth sequences on SrTiO3 (001) by pulsed laser deposition and structurally characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Measurements of magnetization and field-dependent Mn L2,3 edge x-ray magnetic circular dichroism reveal changes of the LSMO magnetic order, which are strong in LSMO on SIO and weak in LSMO underneath SIO. We attribute the impact of the growth sequence to the interfacial lattice structure, which is known to influence the interfacial magnetic coupling governed by MnO6 octahedral rotations and/or distortions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanowire field-effect transistors having an omega-shaped floating gate (OSFG) have been successfully fabricated by directly coating CdTe nanocrystals (∼6±2.5 nm) at room temperature, and compared to simultaneously prepared control devices without nanocrystals. Herein, we demonstrate that channel punchthrough may occur when the depletion from the OSFG takes place due to the trapped charges in the nanocrystals. Electrical measurements on the OSFG nanowire devices showed static-induction transistorlike behavior in the drain output IDS-VDS characteristics and a hysteresis window as large as ∼3.1 V in the gate transfer IDS-VGS characteristics. This behavior is ascribed to the presence of the CdTe nanocrystals, and is indicative of the trapping and emission of electrons in the nanocrystals. The numerical simulations clearly show qualitatively the same characteristics as the experimental data and confirm the effect, showing that the change in the potential distribution across the channel, induced by both the wrapping-around gate and the drain, affects the transport characteristics of the device. The cross-sectional energy band and potential profile of the OSFG channel corresponding to the “programed (noncharged)” and “erased (charged)” operations for the device are also discussed on the basis of the numerical capacitance-voltage simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids, a mixture of nanoparticles and fluid, have enormous potential to improve the efficiency of heat transfer fluids. Fe nanofluids are prepared with ethylene glycol and Fe nanocrystalline powder synthesized by a chemical vapor condensation process. Sonication with high-powered pulses is used to improve the dispersion of nanoparticles in the preparation of nanofluids. Nanofluids exhibit an enhancement of thermal conductivity after sonication. Thermal conductivity of a Fe nanofluid is increased nonlinearly up to 18% as the volume fraction of particles is increased up to 0.55 vol. %. Comparing Fe nanofluids with Cu nanofluids, we find that the suspension of highly thermally conductive materials is not always effective to improve thermal transport property of nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Less dense packing of molecules in frozen liquids confined to cylindrical glass pores was observed to depend on pore size. This conclusion was derived by monitoring the rotational tunneling of methyl protons, which reside on studied molecules, with nuclear magnetic resonance. For example, the tunneling frequency of dimethyl sulfide and propionic acid at 10 K was observed to be larger in pores than in bulk. This is interpreted as being due to a decrease in the hindering potential. In another type of tunneling spectrum which is due to methyl-methyl interaction, observed in acetyl acetone at 10 K, the splitting decreases as the pores become smaller. It is demonstrated that in both types of materials the shifts of the methyl tunneling splittings in pores are the result of the reduced intermolecular interaction in the pore core region. This in turn indicates that the unit cell size of liquids frozen in nanopores is slightly increased. The increase is largest in smallest pores. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and magnetic characteristics of iron nanoparticles synthesized by a chemical vapor condensation (CVC) process were investigated systematically by an x-ray diffraction method, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, M&oum;ssbauer spectroscopy, magnetometry and thermogravimetric analysis. Typical particle sizes were found to be in the range of 5-13 nm with uniform dispersion. The resulting microstructure of the nanoparticles correlated with parameters of the CVC process. In particular, a CVC technique was derived to fabricate Fe nanoparticles with different magnetic states, e.g., superparamagnetic, ferromagnetic, or a mixture of these two states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma-induced damage of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been studied in terms of forward turn-on and reverse breakdown voltages, together with etch rate and surface morphology. The physical degradation of sidewall along with rough surface morphology of n-GaN caused by increased ion scattering induced the deterioration of the forward and reverse voltages. The forward turn-on voltage was relatively independent of the pressure up to 20 mTorr. The reverse breakdown voltage showed the worst degradation at 75% Cl[sub 2] mainly because of a sidewall contamination. It was found that the turn-on voltage is sensitive to the surface roughness of the etched n-GaN and the breakdown voltage is strongly affected by the sidewall contamination. Annealing under nitrogen after the mesa etching improved the electrical properties of the InGaN/GaN MQW LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the spatially resolved water-occupied pore size distribution in a drying concrete cylinder. Measurement of pore sizes; Use of single-point magnetic resonance imaging techniques to monitor unfrozen water content as functions of position and temperature.

Neutron powder diffraction has been used to obtain the thermal parameters for the deuterium atoms and to confirm the crystal structure of acetonitrile-d3 at 4 K. Inelastic neutron scattering from both isotopic species is used to determine the energies of the first and second rotational levels of the methyl group. These four levels are reasonably reproduced by a threefold potential with V3=125 meV. The activation energy derived from this potential is in agreement with that previously obtained from the temperature dependence of T1 in proton magnetic resonance measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-crystal and powder neutron diffraction, coherent neutron inelastic scattering, and Raman spectroscopy have been used to study the low temperature structure and dynamics of ammonium perchlorate. No evidence for a phase transition is found. Based on analysis of thermal motion amplitudes and inelastic neutron-scattering data for ND4ClO4 a Raman-active B3g symmetry zone-center mode at 45 cm-1 is identified as a libration. Another Raman-active mode, B1g symmetry at 33 cm-1, and a previously unobserved Au symmetry mode at 12 cm-1, are inferred to have significant librational character at q=0. Comparison of these results with earlier incoherent neutron scattering results suggests that, because of the low activation energy of ammonium ions, classical jump reorientations strongly influence ammonium-ion sublattice dynamics even to temperatures as low as 20 K. Partial dispersion curves are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines ammonium ion (NH[sub 4]) tunneling manifold by energy level matching in the proton spin rotating frame. Occurrence of Zeeman and tunneling states during the resonant transfer of polarization; Observation of peaks during magnetization change monitoring; Decrease in the symmetry of the lattice potential at the site of NH[sub 4] group.

Studies the dehydration of porous glass hydrated with a five nM solution of spin-label molecules using electron paramagnetic resonance. Structure and dynamics of water near a pore's surface; Concentration of the spin-label molecules; Contribution of the ordered water cluster to the failure of the Langmuir isotherm.

Investigates the constancy of spin label 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-acetamide-piperidine-1-oxyl (TMAPO) concentration upon dehydration. Measurement of water proton spin-lattice relaxation time as a function of hydration; Occurrence of Langmuir self-regulation of TMAPO molecules in pores of 300 and 127 nm diameter; Decreasing concentration of TMAPO molecules upon dehydration of pores.

Presents a study which investigated the self-regulation mechanism of iron ion concentration in hydrated porous glasses. Measurement of the water proton spin-lattice relaxation rate; Characteristics of the controlled porous glasses; Derivation of ion concentration.

Deals with a study which examined the correlation between the resistivity of titanium bromide. Chemical vapor deposition parameters; Discussion on the annealing temperature; Results and discussion.

Reports on the aluminum and silicon orientational epitaxy using x-ray pole figure analysis. Problem of epitaxial growth of a crystal on another crystalline substrate; Procedure of the experiment; Discussion on the experimental results.

Focuses on a study that investigated the conversion acceptor and its contribution to hole scattering in annealed gallium arsenide. Details of the experiment; Analysis; Results and discussion.

Rayleigh–Brillouin spectra of aqueous solutions of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN) and triethanol ammonium nitrate (TEAN) were studied at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from 205 to 298 K. The hypersonic velocity and absorption coefficient of the phonons were calculated from the spectra as a function of temperature. The absorption due to viscosity and internal energy exchange through the relaxation mechanisms were considered. We find that both mechanisms are responsible for the absorption, but at the lower temperature, the one related to internal energy dominates. The free volume model was used to estimate the activation energy. This value is quite consistent with values calculated from the relaxation time. The effects of relaxation and the water concentration on mixtures of aqueous solutions of HAN and TEAN are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the materials properties of gallium arsenide (GaAs) on silicon (Si) epitaxial layers. Problems associated with the growth of GaAs on Si; Details of the issues of dislocation reduction and suppression of antiphase domains; Techniques used for dislocation control.

Theoretical saturation magnetization and magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) of τ-phase (face-centered tetragonal) Mn50Al50 alloy were obtained by first principles calculations, and the alloy was fabricated to compare the experimental values with the theoretical predictions. The calculated magnetic moment and MAE for τ-phase Mn50Al50 were 2.37) μg/ f.u. and 0.259 meV/f.u. (1.525×106 J/m3), respectively, which result in the maximum energy product (BH)max of 12.64 MG Oe and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field of 38 kOe. The saturation magnetization for τ-phase Mn54Al46 alloy was measured to be 98.3 emu/g, which gives 4.7 MG Oe of (BH)max. The magnetization is about 70% of the theoretical value of 144 emu/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Mn and/or Co doping in Ni–Mn–Co ferrite on the static, dynamic magnetic properties, and thermal magnetic stability were investigated for high frequency microwave applications up to the gigahertz range. Saturation magnetization and coercivity increased with increased substitution of Mn and Co, respectively. Both Mn and Co substituted Ni–Mn–Co ferrite exhibited higher thermal stability factor rather than Ni–Mn and Ni–Co ferrites. The highest thermal stability factor was achieved to be -12.0×10-4 °C/ppm for Ni0.93Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2O4. The second highest, -11.88×10-4 °C/ppm, was measured for Ni0.7Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2.23O4. Permeability (μ), permittivity ([variant_greek_epsilon]), and cutoff frequency of Ni0.93Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2O4 and Ni0.7Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2.23O4 showed 7.41, 4.56, 1084 MHz, and 3.87, 4.55, 1436 MHz, respectively. Furthermore, the μ/[variant_greek_epsilon] ratio of Ni0.93Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2O4 was found to be 1.63 (μ/[variant_greek_epsilon]=7.41/4.56). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tetragonal L10-Mn1+xGa (x<0.8) nanoparticles and bcc-Mn23Ga77 nanoparticles with large coercivity were prepared using direct reactions between Mn nanoparticles and Ga at elevated temperatures. The Mn23Ga77 phase was formed at ∼573 K while the L10-structured Mn1+xGa was formed at ∼850 K. After ball-milling, the L10-Mn1+xGa nanoparticles transformed into nano-flakes with enhanced coercivity. The size of the as-prepared Mn23Ga77 nanoparticles is comparable to that of the precursor Mn nanoparticles. An aggregation of the nanoparticles and thus a larger particle size were observed in the L10-Mn1+xGa nanoparticles obtained at 850 K. The size of the L10-Mn1+xGa nano-flakes is reduced to about 200-400 nm with a thickness of ∼20 nm. The coercivity of the Mn23Ga77 nanoparticles and the L10-Mn1+xGa nanoparticles at 300 K reached up to 0.2 T and 0.43 T, respectively. The coercivity of L10-Mn1+xGa ball-milled nano-flakes is 0.59 T at 300 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the fabrication of an ultraviolet (UV)-detecting thin-film transistor (TFT) using NiOx as source/drain electrodes and n-ZnO as its channel layer deposited on a SiO2/p-Si substrate. Rapid thermal annealing of the TFT was carried out in an O2 ambient at 350 °C for 1 min to increase the transparency of NiOx. In an accumulation mode with a gate bias of 40 V, a drain current of only 2 μA was obtained in the dark. However, under an illumination of UV light with wavelength 325 nm, the drain current dramatically increased up to 13 μA. Under UV photons with wavelength 254 nm or energy of 4.9 eV, much higher than 4.1 eV, the energy gap of NiOx, the photocurrent slightly decreased to ∼10 μA due to the absorption by NiOx. These photoelectric effects were more pronounced under a gate-bias condition for a depletion (off) mode. The UV-dynamic behavior of our TFTs was also investigated, yielding the UV response time of ∼300 ms and UV-on/off ratio of about 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality InGaN quantum well (QW) structures with one, two, three, five, and seven wells were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The effect of the number of InGaN QWs on the structural and optical properties was studied by high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), atomic force microscopy, low excitation density photoluminescence (PL), high excitation density pulsed PL, and PL excitation (PLE). The 10 K PLE band edge of all the samples is almost same, but the 10 K PL peaks of the InGaN QWs initially blueshifts, and then redshifts as the number of wells increases. HRXRD reciprocal space mapping and high excitation pulsed PL show that this anomalous peak shift is due mainly to potential fluctuations, rather than the piezoelectric field. The degree of potential fluctuations varies with dislocation density, which could be affected by growth interruption, the deposition of strained layers, and the accumulated strain energy in InGaN QW structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure and carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles with an average diameter of 25 nm were synthesized by using the DC plasma arc discharge method. Fe core nanoparticles were encapsulated with carbon layer, which is acting as protection layer against both oxidation and chemical reaction. The morphology and the Fe/C core/shell structure of the nanoparticles were studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The x-ray diffraction study showed that the α-Fe phase exists with γ-Fe as an impurity. The studied samples have been interrelated with the variation of saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercive field with the amount of carbon coating. The pure α-Fe sample shows saturation magnetization = 172 emu/g, and coercive field = 150 Oe, on the other hand few layer carbon coated α-Fe sample shows saturation magnetization =169 emu/g with higher coercive field 398 Oe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Materials Genome Initiative, a national effort to introduce new materials into the market faster and at lower cost, has made significant progress in computational simulation and modeling of materials. To build on this progress, a large amount of experimental data for validating these models, and informing more sophisticated ones, will be required. High-throughput experimentation generates large volumes of experimental data using combinatorial materials synthesis and rapid measurement techniques, making it an ideal experimental complement to bring the Materials Genome Initiative vision to fruition. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art results, opportunities, and challenges in high-throughput experimentation for materials design. A major conclusion is that an effort to deploy a federated network of high-throughput experimental (synthesis and characterization) tools, which are integrated with a modern materials data infrastructure, is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perpendicular heating and acceleration of ions by linearly polarized Alfvén wave, which is propagating along constant background magnetic field, is studied. The perpendicular diffusion coefficient of ions is calculated through the autocorrelation function based on linear perturbation theory, which unambiguously demonstrates that ion heating is attained by non-resonant wave-particle interaction. It is found that the perpendicular heating and acceleration of ions occur by the Alfvén wave during a relatively short time interval, i.e., approximately 20 ion gyro period (Ωi0t) even though the perturbation amplitude is quite low. Also, it is shown that the temperature anisotropy of ions A, A, where A = T⊥/T∥ − 1, increases with the increasing perturbation amplitude while the parallel ion heating does not occur. Test particle simulation is also carried out in order to investigate the non-resonant perpendicular heating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diffusion of electrons via a linearly polarized, growing electromagnetic (EM) wave propagating along a uniform magnetic field is investigated. The diffusion of electrons that interact with the growing EM wave is investigated through the autocorrelation function of the parallel electron acceleration in several tens of electron gyration timescales, which is a relatively short time compared with the bounce time of electrons between two mirror points in Earth's radiation belts. Furthermore, the pitch-angle diffusion coefficient is derived for the resonant and non-resonant electrons, and the effect of the wave growth on the electron diffusion is discussed. The results can be applied to other problems related to local acceleration or the heating of electrons in space plasmas, such as in the radiation belts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of a 3D particle-in-cell simulation carried out to study the early-stage evolution of the shock formed when an unmagnetized relativistic jet interacts with an ambient electron-ion plasma. Full-shock structures associated with the interaction are observed in the ambient frame. When open boundaries are employed in the direction of the jet, the forward shock is seen as a hybrid structure consisting of an electrostatic shock combined with a double layer, while the reverse shock is seen as a double layer. The ambient ions show two distinct features across the forward shock: a population penetrating into the shocked region from the precursor region and an accelerated population escaping from the shocked region into the precursor region. This behavior is a signature of a combination of an electrostatic shock and a double layer. Jet electrons are seen to be electrostatically trapped between the forward and reverse shock structures showing a ring-like distribution in a phase-space plot, while ambient electrons are thermalized and become essentially isotropic in the shocked region. The magnetic energy density grows to a few percent of the jet kinetic energy density at both the forward and the reverse shock transition layers in a rather short time scale. We see little disturbance of the jet ions over this time scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear small-amplitude kinetic Alfvén solitary waves (KASWs) are investigated with their 'anomalous' kinetic viscosity effect on electrons. It is found that the structure of a hump-type KASW solution develops into a shock-type (or double layer) KASW solution for large amplitude KASWs when viscosity exists. For small amplitude KASWs, the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation with an approximate pseudopotential was solved, and it is found that the hump-type KASWs develop into oscillating shock-type (kink-type) KASWs. It is also found that the oscillating scale of this structure is related to the propagation velocity and plasma beta, while the damping scale is inversely proportional to the viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle simulations and a pseudopotential method were used to study ion-acoustic solitary waves in a plasma composed of Boltzmann electrons and kinetic beam ions. Pseudopotential theory was first applied to determine how ion-acoustic solitary waves can exist in a two-component plasma. Then, particle simulations were carried out, wherein ion-acoustic solitary waves were excited by modulating the bias grid voltage in a double plasma model. For the modulation, the potential of the grid bias was rapidly decreased, such that hump-type ion-acoustic solitary waves with good Gaussian shape were excited one after another, forming a train of waves. The simulation also showed that the phase velocities of ions decrease sharply when the solitary wave occurs, which indicates that the solitary ion-acoustic wave is excited via the inverse Landau damping process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korteweg-deVries (KdV) equation that describes the evolution of nonlinear ion-acoustic solitary waves in plasmas with Kappa-distributed electrons is derived by using a reductive perturbation method in the small amplitude limit. We identified a dip-type (negative) electrostatic KdV solitary wave, in addition to the hump-type solution reported previously. The two types of solitary waves occupy different domains on the κ (Kappa index)-V (propagation velocity) plane, separated by a curve corresponding to singular solutions with infinite amplitudes. For a given Kappa value, the dip-type solitary wave propagates faster than the hump-type. It was also found that the hump-type solitary waves cannot propagate faster than V = 1.32. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence condition for bump and dip type, as well as double layer (DL), solutions of electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) in a nonthermal electron plasma with heavy ions is investigated by a pseudopotential method. It is found that the nonthermality of electrons determines the existence of the DL solution and that the amplitude of ESWs is enhanced by the density of heavy ions. When the heavy ion density is beyond a certain critical value, ESWs and DLs cannot exist. It is also found that both the lower and upper critical Mach numbers are reduced by the presence of heavy ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An obliquely propagating solitary kinetic Alfven wave in a low beta dusty plasma (βe/mi) is studied by considering the ion motion along the magnetic field and the collisional effect of electrons. The existence condition for a solitary wave for a collisionless dusty plasma is re-examined. It is found that there is an upper limit of the possible Alfvenic Mach velocity, imposed by dust particles. The Mach number lies between lz and lz/Nd, where lz is the directional cosine and Nd is the dust particle charge density. In the collisional case, the same upper limit of the Mach velocity is found, and the solitary wave turns into an oscillating double layer. The damping scale and the size of the oscillation structure increase with increasing dust particle charge density. The damping scale and the size of the oscillation structure are estimated by using the virial theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on research and development projects surrounding the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), specifically its heating neutral beam injectors, based on negative ion acceleration. Accounts are given describing the baseline capabilities of the reactor, its potential upgrades, and the use of charge exchange recombination spectroscopy.

Effects of dust charges on the nonlinear ion acoustic solitary waves in a fully relativistic dusty plasma for both cases of negative and positive dusts are numerically studied based on the pseudopotential method. In the presence of dusty particles, it is found that various types of nonlinear acoustic waves exist in forms which can be viewed as sequential combinations of three kinds of elementary solitary waves: bump, dip, and kink-type solitary waves. The number and the sequence of the constituent elementary solitary waves in a given nonlinear waves depend more sensitively on dust particle density than any other parameters. For negatively charged dust particles of low density, the nonlinear wave is in the shape of bumpy solitary wave. For a somewhat higher density, the wave changes into a form which can be viewed as a combination of bump and dip-type solitary waves. As the density is increased further, a more complex nonlinear wave composed of bump, kink, and dip-type solitary waves emerges. For a much higher density of dust particle, the nonlinear wave can have a shape that can be considered as a combination of bump and kink-type solitary waves. For the case of positively charged dust particles, two kinds of nonlinear waves can exist: bump-type solitary wave and a combination of bump and kink solitary waves. For both cases of negative and positive dust particles, it is found that single dip-type solitary wave does not exist. It is also found that as dust particle density increases, the signature of the elementary waves becomes less prominent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayered distributions of hindered mean square displacement (MSD) for nanoparticles are measured in the near-wall region within 500 nm from the solid surface using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, an evanescent wave microscopic imaging technique. Examined particles are yellow-green (505/515) polystyrene fluorescent nanospheres of 100, 250, and 500 nm radii with a specific gravity of 1.055. To ensure the measurement accuracy, special care is taken to minimize photobleaching of fluorescent particles by adding neutral density filters to optimally reduce the excitation power. The experimental results for parallel MSDs to the solid surface validate the theory of hindered diffusion [A. J. Goldman, R. G. Cox, and H. Brenner, “Slow viscous motion of a sphere parallel to a plane—I: Motion through a quiescent fluid,” Chem. Eng. Sci. 22, 637 (1967)] of spheres based on viscous slow-down in the near-wall region. It is also reported that the effect of adding sodium chloride up to 10 mM to the solution has little effect on the parallel diffusive motion of the tested nanoparticles. Experimental evidence shows that normal MSDs, for submicroscopic charged nanoparticles, are substantially different from Einstein’s 2DΔt due to the deterministic motion arising from electrostatic forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both neutron images and spectra will diagnose ignition implosions at the National Ignition Facility. From the integrated Hohlraum and capsule calculations of copper-doped beryllium capsules using ∼1 MJ of laser energy we have postprocessed neutron spectra and both energy-gated and time integrated neutron images displaying the observable consequences of two-dimensional Hohlraum asymmetries. If low signal precludes multiple down scattered images, we suggest a 6–12 MeV gate. With asymmetries, it is noted that the neutron yield, spectra, and images vary with observation direction. The yield varies only several percent when observed at different angles. Since most asymmetries are expected about the Hohlraum axis, a perpendicular view has the highest priority. The next most informative view would be along the Hohlraum axis, but may be precluded by target chamber structures. We present images at the available port angles and discuss their utility. To facilitate detailed diagnostic simulations with real pinhole geometries or penumbral apertures, we offer a compact disk containing neutron spectra and gated images from various integrated calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replication process is a good method to fabricate passive optical devices. Silicon-based fabrication technology provides an efficient way to fabricate a replication master with an optically smooth surface roughness. As silicon-based technologies are often two-dimensional processes, the replication requires sophisticated fabrication steps for a master structure. For this, a vertically curved structure, which is essential for a passive optical device, is hard to fabricate. Special processes, such as x-ray lithography, laser ablation, and gray-scale lithography, can overcome the conventional two-dimensional fabrication process challenges. But these processes need additional steps, machines, and masks. This study demonstrates an easy way for fabricating a silicon master structure for vertically curved mirrors. This fabrication method is roughly divided into two steps. During the first step, a silicon wafer is etched using an inductively coupled plasma system to form optical waveguide structures in the master structure (45 μm depth and ∼5 nm surface roughness). During the second step, the vertically curved mirror structures at each end of the waveguides are formed by using photoresist reflow process. After the master fabrication, the master shape was transferred to a PDMS mold. The replication process was carried out by using UV curable polymers, and a successful vertical redirection of light by the curved structure was observed with a charge-coupled device. The measured propagation loss of the fabricated waveguide structure was 0.13 dB/cm, and the curved mirror loss was 0.35 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]