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This study aims to make the optimum formulation of nanoemulsions from Moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera Lamk) and propolis using treatment ultrasonication and ultra turrax with variations in time and speed. This nanoemulsion is a finely dispersed oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion system that has droplet sizes in the range of 50–1000 nm. The water phase consists of aquadest, Moringa leaf extract, propolis, and tween 80 as a surfactant, while the oil phases span 80 and white oil. Nanoemulsions were made with a variation of water-based 87.5%-97.5%. The characteristics of nanoemulsion were characterized by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), stability, and microscope digital. While the extract of moringa leaf and propolis was characterized by antioxidant content and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS). According to the antioxidant test using DPPH reagent, propolis and Moringa leaf extract both had IC50 values for antioxidants of 78,227 and 95,996 ppm, respectively. While kaempferol and quercetin with molecular weights of 595, 449, and 465 were found in the LCMS analysis. This research found that the smallest size of nanoemulsion was 196.03 nm with a formulation that uses base water of 97.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.), known as pitanga, belongs to the Myrtaceae family, is found growing in Latin America, such as Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Dewandaru fruit is not widely known in Indonesia, and limited studies are related to the pharmacological properties of fruit extracts. This study evaluates the chemical composition and bioactivities of the ethanol extract from fresh and dried pulp and seeds of the Dewandaru fruit. Phytochemical contents of the samples were determined based on the qualitative assay and total phenolic and flavonoid content. Bioactivities of the samples were evaluated on DPPH free radical scavenging effect, a-glucosidase inhibitory activity, lipase inhibitory activity, and antibacterial assays. The qualitative results of the phytochemical tests showed that the fresh pulp extract (FPE) was only positive for flavonoids, while dried pulp extract (DPE) showed positive for saponins. In addition, fresh and dried seed extracts were also positive for flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The seed extract had higher TPC and TFC values than the pulp extract, which caused the antioxidant activity of the seed extract to be much more potent with an IC50 value of 53.19 and 20.53 ug/mL for FSE and DSE, respectively. The FPE and DPE showed weak activity in enzyme inhibition with 29.75, 11.82, 32.86, and 33.39% inhibition, respectively, at concentration 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, in the disc diffusion test, the dried seed extract (DSE) showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The formation of inhibition halos of 10, 20, 13 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 10%. The present study indicates that the pulp and seed of dewandaru fruit have promising bioactivities for the food industry to develop as a functional food or supplement; however, further investigation is needed related to their bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of Amomum cardamomum oil extracted with ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation (UAHD), compared to conventional hydrodistillation (HD). HD and UAHD were carried out by Clevenger-type apparatus with SFR 1:20 for 6 h. UAHD was conducted in various energy outputs (30%, 60%, and 90%) as pre-treatment. The results showed that the power used by UAHD increases oil volume with the highest yield is 6.97% using 90% of energy. The chemical composition analysis was determined by GC-MS and showed that 1,8 cineole dominates up to 60% of total oil compositions. Antibacterial activity was determined by zone of inhibition (ZOI) using disk diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) using microdilution method against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. The ZOI ranged between 9±0.0-14±2.0 mm and the MIC valued 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL against all tested bacteria. However, based on Kruskal-Wallis analysis, there was no marked difference in antibacterial activity of both oils extracted with UAHD and HD, which they possessed similar ZOI and MIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a plant that contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and essential oils and used as traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the activity of 70% ethanol extract of dewandaru fruit and nanoparticle form of dewandaru fruit extract (NP) to reduce total cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic mice. DDY mice were divided into 8 treatment groups, each consisting of 4 mice: group I (Normal); group II (negative control); group III (positive control); group IV (dose 100 mg/kg bw); group V (dose 200 mg/kg bw); group VI (dose 400 mg/kg bw); group VII (NP dose 200 mg/kg bw) and group VIII (NP dose 400 mg/kg bw). Data of reducing cholesterol potential were analyzed using One way-Anova with the significant difference limit between the treatment group, and negative control is P<0,05. The experiment results showed dewandaru fruits extract and NP dewandaru potential as a herbal for hyperlipidemia treatment, and the highest decrease showed by NP dewandaru fruit extract dose 200 mg/kg bw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

trans-Ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate is one of the major compounds isolated from the Kaempferia galanga rhizome and an important starting material for various chemical modifications. This study is reported the revisiting method for room temperature isolation of trans-ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate in the hexane extract of K. galanga. Pure trans-ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate can be isolated after recrystallization or the aim of column chromatography which is determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The hydrolysis of trans-ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate was conducted in alkaline conditions to complete the structure elucidation which resulted in the trans-4-methoxy cinnamic acid within excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibiotic resistance has dramatically increased, particularly against the Gram-negative bacteria and caused critical health problems. One appealing strategy to overcome this problem is the use of combinations of natural products and commercial antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative pathogen that is difficult to control. Essential oil has been known to possess several biological activities, including antibacterial. The present study was undertaken to investigate the interaction of Curcuma xanthorrhiza essential oil and tetracycline against P. aeruginosa, and its effect on membrane cell permeability was also evaluated. The broth micro-dilution method followed by checkerboard analysis was used to determine any synergistic effect of the mixture. In addition, crystal violet uptake was applied to monitor its action on membrane disruption. The essential oil and tetracycline showed moderate antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The combination of C. xanthorriza and tetracycline exhibited any synergy interaction with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was 0.25. In addition, the mixture altered the membrane permeability of P. aeruginosa. These findings propose that C. xanthorrhiza essential oil may be used to enhance the antibacterial activity of tetracycline against P. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra Miq.) leaves serve as a herbal medicine, particularly used in Indonesian folk medicine, for treating various immunological disorders and cancers. One major active compound of mistletoe plant was flavonoid that occured in the form of glycosides (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) instead of aglycone (quercetin). Quercetin from the flavonoid group had high bioactivities than that in glycosidic form. The fermentation of flavonoid glycoside with filamentous fungi resulted in the conversion of bioactive compounds. The objectives of this study were to explore the derivatives of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside during fungal fermentation of water-extracted mistletoe (D. pentandra Miq.) leaves (B) by A. acueletus LS04-3 and investigate the influence of glucose (B+G), yeast (B+Y), and both glucose and yeast (B+G+Y) in the medium on the metabolism of quercetin-3-O-rhamnosidebased on HPLC and LCMS-MS analysis. Based on HPLC analysis, the addition of yeast to the medium (B+Y) increased the conversion of glucoside to quercetin almost twice as much as that on the control medium (B), during the first day of incubation period (D-1). The 10% increase of quercetin peak was only seen on the third day of incubation in B+G medium, when compared to the control sample (B). Moreover, LCMS-MS analysis revealed that quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin were detected as the major components in fermented mistletoe leaves. Furthermore, quercetin-3-galactoside-7-glucoside and robinetin were found in the medium that had been added with glucose. The study suggest that glycosilation could also occur in processes other than hydrolisis of glycoside because external glucose would affect the energy metabolism and sugar activation of the microbe. Our finding expanded the understanding of the mistletoe leaf fermentation process and provided further guidance for the biotransformation of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside in scale up production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major active compounds of mistletoe plant are flavonoid in the glycosides form (quercetin-3-Orhamnoside) rather than as aglycon (quercetin). Both of quercetin and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside is well know have wide range biological activities, however quercetin act propenderant function than glicoside. The objective of the present study was to select Aspergillus strains with a potential to perform the biotransformation of quercetin-3-Orhamnoside converted to be quercetin. Ten Aspergillus strains were cultured in potato dextrose broth using shaker incubator for seven days with and without additional quercetin-3-O-rhamnosides as the substrate, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were analyzed by TLC and LC-MS/MS. Initially, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside were extracted from mistletoe (Dendrophthoe curvata (Blume) Miq.) leaf and purified by using solvent-solvent extractions, and elucidation determined based on serial spectrometry data. From the different fungi screened, Aspergillus LS04-3, LS05-3, and LS05-4 showed an extra peak, peak at 3.83 - 4.55 minute in LC-MS/MS and compared to its control, which was confirmed as quercetin. Furthermore, isolation of ethyl acetate extract of LS04-3 with addition of substrate, afforded a bright yellow crystal with MW 446 coincided as quercetin based on MS and compared with a standard. In conclusion LS05-3 (A. versiclor), LS05-4 (A. niger) and especially LS04-3 (A. ascueletus) are valuable microorganism used for flavonol biotransformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed significantly lower activitiy for antioxidant (about 5x less) and about half for antidiabetes and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that for further development of functional drink, mistletoes samples showed better potential than selaginella when used as a single material in herbal tea infusion. However we should make into account the possibility of synergistic effect on bioactivities when mixtures of two or several plant materials were present in the herbal tea formulation. Currently formulation of herbal teas using various mixture of different mistletoes as well as mixture of mistletoe and Selaginella are still under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myrictica fatua Houtt widely used in Indonesian as one of the traditional medicinal plants. Cancer and diabetic mellitus (DM) type 2 are two degenerative diseases caused by the presence of excessive free radicals in the body. Antioxidant and anti-diabetic active compounds were needed to reduce the risk of the diseases. One of the chemical compound groups that can be used as antioxidant and antidiabetic is phenolic compound. Isolation of the methanolic extract of the bark of M. fatua Houtt using chromatography methods led to the isolation of phenolic compound. Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate showed antioxidant and antidiabetic activities through DPPH free radicals scavenger and α-glucosidase inhibitions activities test showed IC50 value 7.96 and 7.68 ug / mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the research for bioactive secondary metabolites from microorganisms, the terestrial fungi Aspergillus niger GTS01-4 has been investigated for the evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality test and MCF-7 cell line. Further chromatographic separation and purification of myselium extract resulted in the isolation identified as rubrofusarin (1). The structure elucidation of isolated compound was performed using 1D-NMR, and LCMS. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of rubrofusarin (1) was evaluated and resulted with IC50 of 11.51 μg/mL against MCF-7 and LC50 of 368.11 μg/mL against brine shrimp, respectively. However, rubrofusarin (1) showed moderate activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis compared to standard antibiotic, streptomycin. The average zone of inhibition was ranged from 6 to 8 mm at a concentration of 100 μg/disc. These results suggest that rubrofusarin could be a potential candidate in the field of anticancer drug discovery from terrestrial fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae has been known as one of the potential marine bio-resources that have been used in many fields such as bio-energy, food, pharmaceutical and medical applications. Study of macro-algae or seaweed for medicine application, in particular, highlights to empower their ingredients as a promising antioxidant like anti-aging agent due to their diversity in biological activity. The tropical climate of Indonesia with the highest marine biodiversity puts this country an auspicious source of numerous alga species as a novel antioxidant source. A Sample of 29 species of macroalgae has been collected from Coast of Pari Island as a part of Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Screening and extracting of aqueous tropical marine alga protein as a potential source for an antioxidant agent has been done by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging method, and protein contents have been determined by Lowry method. Sample number 26 of the phylum Rhodophyta have 9.00±0.03 % protein content, which is potential for nutritional food in form of nutraceutical. That sample demonstrated the maximum DPPH scavenging activity 79.27±1.81 %. Moreover, crude extract from another species from phylum Rhodophyta had the very lower IC50 (3.4333±0.29 mg/ml) followed by Chlorophyta species (7.1069±1.78 mg/ml). In general, this study found that algae from phylum Rhodophyta possess a high content of protein, high activity towards free radical. Nevertheless, algae acquire the lowest IC50 value not only dominated by Rhodophyta but also from phylum Chlorophyta. The conclusion of this study leads to empowering high antioxidant activity algae as an anti-aging agent, which can be used in pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, the next study should be concerned on the properties of the algae which has been known to be suitable for pharmaceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]