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Electrocoagulation and Filtration are clean and sustainable technologies used for wastewater treatment and its optimization. These technologies with high water sensitivity have been researched to treat and reuse water and wastewater in India to alleviate water scarcity and optimize water sustainability. Greywater is a non-potable water source that can be recycled and reused indefinitely. The current approach explores the utilization of hybrid electrocoagulation and filtration technologies. It conducts and optimizes impact tests on anode and cathode in continuous mode efficiency using various electrode material combinations, such as Al-Cu-Al-Cu and Cu-Al-Cu-Al. The study discovered that when the cathode and the anode were separated at 20 mm for Al-Cu with a 1.95 kWh/m3 specific energy, 93.00 percent of COD was removed, resulting in an 18.50 INR operating cost and thereby achieving its optimization in a clean and sustainable manner. The study also shows that the hybrid electrode has high removal efficiency while running at a lower voltage for both combinations of electrodes. In addition, the combination of aluminum, copper, and copper alloy consumes less energy than the combination of aluminum, copper, and copper alloy, resulting in higher COD current efficiency and lower operating costs at 24 V. The study outcomes reveals the effectiveness of combined electrocoagulation and filtration technologies as clean, optimized and sustainable way for the treatment of greywater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerated Constructed Wetlands (ACW) have more potential in sewage treatment than non-aerated wetlands. There is a need to develop a compact package treatment system with aeration by natural means. The present study aims to create a compact sewage treatment system using vertical flow natural aerated constructed wetlands for greywater treatment. A pilot plant consisting of a naturally aerated constructed wetland and a reference non-aerated constructed wetland system was developed. Typha latifolia was planted in stone grit supported over a coal bed. A system of porous pipes was provided to incorporate natural aeration. The developed pilot system was evaluated for greywater treatment at various Organic Loading Rates (OLR), (HLR), Hydraulic Loading Rates, and (HRT) Hydraulic Retention Times. The water quality parameters used for assessment include pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and. total-alkalinity, conductivity, turbidity, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The growth of the plant was also monitored during the experimental period. The aerated CW was found to be effective for the treatment of greywater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grey water can be defined as any home wastewater produced, excluding sewage. Grey water has a diverse composition reflecting the way of life of the occupants and the chemicals they use in their homes. The environment is conducive to bacterial growth, implying that before being re-used, it must be treated. Organic contaminants, heavy metals, pathogens, and other microorganisms are among the other treatment goals. The most frequent treatment method is to filter grey water through biofilm systems. Mulch beds for direct application near to the crops or trees are an alternative to watering the entire area. This study was conducted at Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti. Sampling was done once a week for four weeks before testing for selected parameters. The samples were characterized on the basis of turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH and dissolved solids. Unions are used throughout the connection to enable separation and reconnection of the pipe work. A sand filter was made using one of the tanks as well as a UV light bulb for disinfection. This study helped to recycle/reuse grey water for big gardens, edible plants like fruits and vegetables. In drought prone areas the grey water management served as a boom. Water is the most fathomless and abundant resource on earth, it is the most lavishly used by humans, it covers 75% of the world yet very limited part of water is useable to us because more than 90% is salty sea water and frozen in glacial and polar ice caps thus the need to recycle grey water. Therefore, the need for this study. The purpose of this research is to reduce the use of fresh water which can help reduce demands on public water supply. It can help reduce the amount of wastewater entering sewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to verify the overall performance and evaluate the wastewater quality of the wastewater treatment plant at the Abu Ghraib Dairy Factory and compare the results with the Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS) for effluent disposal and with the national determinants of treated water use. Agricultural irrigation wastewater, which included daily assessment records of the main parameters affecting wastewater [five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (T.D.S), total suspended solids (TSS), phosphate (PO4), nitrate (NO3), hydrogen ion concentration (pH)] obtained from the quality control department of Abu Ghraib dairy plant registered from January 2017 to December 2020. The results of the studied treatment plant showed that the removal efficiency of the influencing parameters is BOD5, COD, TDS, SS, PO4, NO3 were 95.25, 96.61, 71.54, 32.50, and 4.43%, respectively, based on the results obtained from the daily records of laboratory examinations of the plant. These results indicate that the quality of treated wastewater was not following the Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS) for liquid waste disposal due to the failure to achieve the required treatment for phosphate. It is not allowed to use in agricultural irrigation due to the inability to achieve the necessary treatment for the total suspended solids. According to the national determinants of reusing treated wastewater for irrigation, the performance of the treated plant was not efficient enough to achieve the required wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water situation is serious in India, where nearly one fifth of the world population is settling having access to only less than one twentieth of the world's freshwater resources. The expected growth in population will further aggravate water problems. Chennai, a metropolitan city in the south is facing a dire situation of water stress which could worsen in the coming years. The droughts and floods that visit Chennai are a consequence of the rapid urbanization and mismanagement of water. The governance system and the policies with respect to water and sanitation are prevalent but implementation is far from reality. Water is a finite resource that can drive every aspect of human existence, in particular the economy. Conventional linear economy taps the natural resource, produces and disposes waste byproducts to the environment to achieve economic development. Circular economy is in contrast to the conventional linear economy, where the use of natural resources is governed by ecological laws and its recurring utilization at the maximum extent to achieve economic development with the objectives of 'reducing resource use, reusing and recycling' natural resources like water. This paper will address the water stress problem by suggesting policy recommendations and technologies that can promote a circular economy of the water resource in the urban environment. Scaling up of onsite greywater reuse will be discussed as a policy in terms of implementation of the same locally in Chennai for the existing and new buildings. Appropriate nature based treatment technologies for treating the greywater will also be reviewed with respect to their ease of implementation. As a result of this study, onsite grey water treatment and reuse will be recommended for its treatability, ease of maintenance, affordability and its benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resources are decreasing day by day, which results in the increasing demand for Greywater for irrigation. Wastewater produced from baths, cleaning utensils, washers, etc., is termed Greywater. The primary goal of this research is to assess the role of greywater reuse in sustainable water management, as well as the advantages and disadvantages using the garden sprinkling utilizing domestic greywater. 50–80% of residential wastewater comprises sink water, soapy water, utensils, and shower water. Greywater is also utilized for the recharge of groundwater. Water is considered an economic good. Hence it has to be valued and properly supervised. Following papers conclude current environmental policies should have an objective to lower the pollution rate and to minimize the consumption of materials causing pollutants, recycle, reuse, and reduce Greywater within households and society. Decentralized greywater management provides the best opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal drinking water supplies are under tremendous pressure worldwide, and one way to mitigate the problems is to reuse wastewater in various places, including reuse of greywater. In this paper, the calculation of the amount of gray water from production, demand, and water supply in government buildings was studied based on the British code for non-potable and reusable purposes WC Flushing and according to the characteristics of the building in terms of installation units, several employees and working hours. The Department of Public Works and Maintenance in the Ministry of Construction, Housing, and Municipalities in Baghdad - Iraq has been selected as a study area because the site of the building is located in an area. Many government departments are affiliated with the same ministry, which leads to an increase in the amount of greywater on the sewage network. This paper aimed to calculate the amount of building gray water required for treatment, which can be predicted before treatment. The amount of greywater production, which is exiting from the hand basin and reused for females and males, is 4.8 and 3.2 L/d/employee, respectively. The amount of greywater demand from Wc flushing for females and males is 12 and 6 L/d/employee, respectively, as it was found that females use more than males because of the frequency-time. This study showed that there is potential to reduce the total demand for drinking water by saving 44% by considering the reuse of greywater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is in the midst of a water crisis, with the country's population expected to face severe water scarcity by 2025. With rising population expansion and development, different means for ensuring water availability must be seriously examined. Greywater management, which is defined as all sources of residential wastewater except toilet wastewater (Blackwater), is becoming increasingly significant, particularly in rural regions, where poor wastewater management is one of the leading causes of pollution and fatal diseases. Greywater reuse, when done correctly, has a lot of potential as an alternative water source for things like irrigation and toilet flushing. The 'Constructed Wetland (CW) system' is a solution that has proven to be particularly effective in recycling greywater. The various treatment technologies for greywater treatment are discussed in this paper. The possibilities for reuse of treated greywater are also discussed in the article. The eco-friendly nature, low capital investment, zero energy requirements and O&M hassle free approach in CW clearly identifies it as a sustainable alternative to conventional treatment systems for greywater management in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A zeolite-activated charcoal-based filter has been made from cocoa rind. Zeolite as matrix and activated charcoal of cocoa husk as filler were made with 75 m (200 mesh) size powder. The zeolite matrix was chemically activated using 1 M NaCl solution and dried at 100℃ for 24 hours, while the activated charcoal filler of cocoa shell was carbonized at 150℃ for 1 hour. The filter was printed using a hydraulic press with a given mass of 5 tons for 10 minutes, with variations in the composition of zeolite:activated charcoal cocoa shell, namely 75%: 25%, 80%:20%, 85%:15%, 90%:10%, 95%:5%, 100%:0%. Then it was activated by physics with temperature variations of 700℃, 800℃, and 900℃, for 4 hours. The filter is characterized by its physical properties to determine the porosity and water absorption. The best filter for the physical test is the composition of 75%: 25% which is sintered at a temperature of 700℃ with a porosity value of 53.01%, water absorption capacity of 53.10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population in the East Java province of Indonesia is increasing every year, resulting in more greywater that requires good and environmentally friendly waste treatment technology. There are many technologies for treating household waste, one of which is wetland technology. This technology offers appropriate and efficient technology in the planning and operation of domestic wastewater treatment systems. This research aims to create a greywater processing design model for urban dwellings based on the Constructed Wetland concept using landscape architecture design with the idea of a garden as an enhancer of aesthetic value. The methods use a mixed-methods approach, starting from collecting field data and laboratory data, then data processing. After data analysis, can plan constructed wetland design and green open space for the residential area. The results obtained from this study are greywater treatment models of constructed wetlands in housing and parks that use landscape architecture designs with garden concepts to add aesthetic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greywater is a reflection of the household activities and its characteristics are strongly depending on living standards, social and cultural habits, number of household members and the use of household chemicals. The major sources for the origin of grey water such as bathtubs, showers and hand washbasins are considered as the least polluted source. The average grey water contribution to the total organic load BOD5 amounts to be 40 – 50%. The present investigation focused on grey water recycling using wetland adsorption method, analysis and determines the efficiency of grey water purification system for household grey water, modeling and simulation of wetland system as well as cost estimation of the system with in the standards of environmental feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae is an alternative means to remove excessive nutrients from fishpond water. However, the over blooming of microalgae will leads to eutrophication problem. Therefore, the microalgae have to be removed from fishpond water so that the water can be treated and avoid water pollution. In this study, chitosan is used as flocculant for the flocculation and sedimentation of Chlorella vulgaris. A cell separation efficiency above 96 % is obtained with chitosan dosage at 5 mg/L. The sedimentation rate of cell flocs goes up to 456 cm/h when 1 g/L of silica is embedded into the cell flocs, which is about 6 times faster than that of without silica. Results proved that the embedding strategy improves the method of flocculation and sedimentation effectively in term of cell separation duration. This method is proven feasible for fishpond water treatment by removing up to 94 % of microalgae from fishpond water at sedimentation rate of 250 cm/h, which is 23 times faster. Moreover, it showed the abilities to remove 99 % of nitrate, 88 % of ortho-phosphate, 98 % of turbidity, 99 % of Biochemical Oxygen Demand and 85 % of Total Suspended Solid from the fishpond water. This strategy is proven to be a potential one pot solution to remove microalgae from fishpond water and treat the fishpond water simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greywater recycling can help to curb water shortages especially in developed countries as they consumed high amount of water for their activities. Greywater can be treated using coagulation process due to its simplicity and effectiveness with usage of coagulant. Studies show that the usage of conventional coagulant has bad effect on human health, produces large volume of sludge and affect pH of treated water. Therefore, a replacement on conventional coagulant with natural coagulant is preferable as it is safer for human health, biodegradable and toxic-free. In this study, Hibiscus Sabdariffa seeds as natural coagulant is used due to high protein content compared to other parts of the plant which important for coagulation process. The objectives of this study are to investigate the performance of the seeds in treating greywater by varying pH, coagulant dosage and mixing effects and compare the performance with conventional coagulant. Jar test experiment was carried out. It was found that the seeds work the best at pH 2, 100 mg/l of coagulant dosage, 30 rpm for slow mix and 140 rpm for rapid mix which resulted in 93.83% and 57.98% removal efficiencies of turbidity and COD respectively. Alum coagulant was used to compare the coagulation performances. Alum coagulant works the best at pH 6, 200 mg/l of coagulant dosage, 40 rpm for slow mix and 150 rpm for rapid mix which resulted in 97.48% and 65.26% removal efficiencies of turbidity and COD respectively Therefore, it shows that Hibiscus Sabdariffa seeds is comparable with alum coagulant and hence, it has potential in treating greywater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent increasing concerns over the effects of climate change has promoted much debate into the issue of long term sustainability. An investigation was conducted into the feasibility of an off-grid housing unit, particularly in an Australian context. A pilot scale 3m × 2m off-grid housing unit was constructed. Forecasts for water requirements as well as an investigation into rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling was conducted. A multi-container plant and sand biological filter was constructed and filtration abilities investigated. The system met NSW government water reuse standards in terms of suspended solids and pH, achieving total suspended solid removal efficiency of up to 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]