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A framework is planned to supply electrical and thermal loads by joint application of a hydrogen storage system (HSS) and a fuel cell. The system, including electrical and thermal loads, is connected to the upstream network. The bidirectional operation is defined for the system, and the system can buy energy from the grid or sell energy to the grid. A water electrolyzer is applied to produce hydrogen from water and store electricity in the form of hydrogen. The stored hydrogen supplies the thermal loads, as well as the fuel cell. The electrical loads are directly connected to the grid and are supplied by the grid. The electricity is received from the fuel cell at hours 17 to 22. When the price of electricity is high, the electrical loads can receive their power from the fuel cell rather than the grid. Additionally, any excess electricity may be sold to the grid. The uncertainty in the thermal and electrical loads is modeled and formulated as stochastic programming. The hydrogen is fed to the fuel cell and the thermal loads. The proposed model minimizes the daily operational cost of the system. The results demonstrate that the daily operational cost of the system is $22.274 USD/day. The bidirectional operation reduces the daily operational cost by about 79%. The unceratinty increases the cost by about 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a multilevel energy management system between homes and the electrical grid. The proposed model includes three levels: the first level is made of the utility grid, and it can send or receive energy from the second level. The second level is formed as a common level that is equipped with a wind turbine, battery energy storage, and a diesel generator. The second level can exchange energy with both the first and third levels. The third level is formed with a set of buildings with different loading patterns, and some of them are also equipped with solar panels. The third level can send or receive energy from the second level. The second level is a common level between two other levels. The proposed planning minimizes the cost of consumed energy by houses in the third level through optimal utilization and management of all levels. The problem optimizes the power between levels 1 and 2, the power between levels 2 and 3, the charging-discharging pattern of the battery in level 2, and the operation pattern of the diesel generator in level 2. The plan optimally utilizes both wind and solar resources (in levels 2 and 3) to minimize the energy cost and deals with their intermittency nature by means of stochastic programming. The plan is also designed to operate under contingency conditions when the utility grid (first level) is out of access. In such a situation, the problem utilizes the available technologies in levels 2 and 3 (i.e., wind, solar, battery, and diesel) to supply the houses in the third level. The diesel generator plays a major role under contingency and emergency conditions to maintain the resiliency of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of wind power on electricity market parameters. The penetration level of wind energy, location of wind turbines, and integration of multiple wind turbines are the main topics addressed in this paper. Flow-gate marginal pricing is the main electricity market concept which is analyzed and studied. Stochastic programming including wind power uncertainty is presented to minimize the annual operational cost of generators. The Flow-gate marginal pricing of transmission lines is also calculated. The Flow-gate marginal pricing is scrutinized under various wind power sizing, siting, and settings. The location, number, and capacity of wind turbines are changed to find out their impacts on the network Flow-gate marginal pricing. The proposed analyses and simulations are carried out using general algebraic modeling system software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]