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Conventional media/sand filtration has been the mainstream water treatment process for most municipal water treatment plants in Malaysia. Filtrate qualities of conventional media/sand filtration are very much dependent on the coagulation-flocculation process prior to filtration and might be as high as 5 NTU. However, the demands for better quality of drinking water through public piped-water supply systems are growing. Polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) hollow fibre membrane made from modified polyethersulfone (PES) material is highly hydrophilic with high tensile strength and produces excellent quality filtrate of below 0.3 NTU in turbidity. This advanced membrane filtration material is also chemical resistance which allows a typical lifespan of 5 years. Comparisons between the conventional media/sand filtration and PES-based UF systems are carried out in this paper. UF has been considered as the emerging technology in municipal drinking water treatment plants due to its consistency in producing high quality filtrates even without the coagulation-flocculation process. The decreasing cost of PES-based membrane due to mass production and competitive pricing by manufacturers has made the UF technology affordable for industrial-scale water treatment plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a 65 nm N-type Metal Oxide Semiconductor (NMOS) with 1.36 nm physical gate oxide, 34.5 nm gate length, ultra shallow junction and threshold voltage of 0.185 V have been designed using Silvaco Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) software. The physical and electrical properties of simulated results are in line with International Roadmap Semiconductor Standard (ITRS) guideline for 65nm technology node. From the aspect of processing, influencing parameters such as (i) gate oxide thickness, (ii) concentration of source/drain, (iii) energy level of source/drain, and (iv) substrate doping impurity are studied in order to investigate individual effects towards device workability. Limits of these processing parameters also have been examined and reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]