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In this all technologically advanced era, the use of machines is inseparable from human life. One of them is the use of machines in education. Milling machines and lathes are commonly used at Politeknik Industri Logam Morowali. Coolant is one of the things that must be given attention to in the machining process of making workpieces. If the coolant is not replaced regularly, the deposition of too much dirt will disrupt the cooling duct system, causing the engine cooling flow to stop working. In this research, a tool was made to process used coolant so that it was safe to be thrown into the surrounding environment and could even be used again in the machining process. The method used to process the coolant was pre-filtration using gauze, activated carbon, and quartz sand to filter grams of iron and liquid lumps contained in the coolant liquid. Then, it flowed into the reservoir, where it was filtered again using zeolite media, fly ash granules, activated carbon, and quartz sand to re-separate leftover liquid lumps and to obtain clearer and smell-free water. The results of tests in the laboratory showed that the composition of hazardous waste in used coolants had been reduced with the following details: pH: 7, TDS: 1070 Mg/l, TSS: 453 Mg/l. From these results, it could be concluded that the tool worked well in reducing the composition of hazardous waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grey water can be defined as any home wastewater produced, excluding sewage. Grey water has a diverse composition reflecting the way of life of the occupants and the chemicals they use in their homes. The environment is conducive to bacterial growth, implying that before being re-used, it must be treated. Organic contaminants, heavy metals, pathogens, and other microorganisms are among the other treatment goals. The most frequent treatment method is to filter grey water through biofilm systems. Mulch beds for direct application near to the crops or trees are an alternative to watering the entire area. This study was conducted at Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti. Sampling was done once a week for four weeks before testing for selected parameters. The samples were characterized on the basis of turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH and dissolved solids. Unions are used throughout the connection to enable separation and reconnection of the pipe work. A sand filter was made using one of the tanks as well as a UV light bulb for disinfection. This study helped to recycle/reuse grey water for big gardens, edible plants like fruits and vegetables. In drought prone areas the grey water management served as a boom. Water is the most fathomless and abundant resource on earth, it is the most lavishly used by humans, it covers 75% of the world yet very limited part of water is useable to us because more than 90% is salty sea water and frozen in glacial and polar ice caps thus the need to recycle grey water. Therefore, the need for this study. The purpose of this research is to reduce the use of fresh water which can help reduce demands on public water supply. It can help reduce the amount of wastewater entering sewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Planning Commission, Government of India has estimated the water demand increase from 710 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) in 2010 to almost 1180 BCM in 2050 with domestic and industrial water consumption expected to increase almost 2.5 times. The trend of urbanization in India is exerting stress on civic authorities to provide basic requirement such as safe drinking water, sanitation and infrastructure. There is a need for finding alternative to the traditional rapid sand filters employed in various cities for filtration purpose. Presently sand is being used as the filtration media which is limited resource. This paper discusses the use pervious concrete with specific aggregates as filtration device. Twelve concrete mixes were used to identify an optimum mix for treating turbidity effectively using lightweight expanded clay aggregates (LECA) considering the properties of w/c ratio and size of LECA and finding their impact on density, Infiltration rate, void ratio and removal of turbidity. It was observed that lower w/c ratio of 0.35 gave a higher density. The void ratio, infiltration rateand turbidity removal for LECA of size 10 mm and w/c ratio 0.4 gave the optimum results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project titled as Fabrication of gearless power transmission with sand filter is used to rotate the mechanism at proper angle without the help of gear. This project uses EL-bow mechanism by using slider and kinematic chain principle. The Experimental investigation on the gearless transmission system with sand filter is a device that transmits movement at constant angle between the shafts. This mechanism consists of number of L-rods (3 to 8) and hopper at the top. Increasing of L-rods leads to smoother operation. These L-rods fits inside the cavity of discs connected with the shafts that forms a sliding pair. As manufacturing gear can be expensive, parts may not be interchangeable, and limited shaft orientations may pose problems, an alternative power transmission system is required. To address this problem, we had done research and investigated for the project, resulting in the development of a potential layout that can transfer power between shafts without the help of gears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of iron sand as a steel-making resource has encountered a new challenge to utilize a by-product of TiO2. Nevertheless, there is no technology that is able to process it economically. Research is being developed towards direct reduction–magnetic separation technology to obtain high grade of titanium slag and easy to process further. In this work, the effect of temperature, and the addition of Na2SO4 on the direct reduction of iron sand, which was followed by the magnetic separation process, was investigated clearly. Before being reduced, the pellets were oxidized at a temperature of 1150°C for 60 minutes. The reduction was carried out in a muffle furnace with temperatures of 1000, 1100, and 1200°C for 120 min with various dosages of Na2SO4 as additives for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt.%. After that, a wet magnetic separation process was carried out with a 500-gauss magnet to obtain a magnetic concentrate containing metallic iron and non-magnetic tailing containing titanium dioxide. The XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS analyses were carried out to identify the chemical composition,phase transformation, and morphology of the reduced pellets. The optimum results were obtained at a temperature of 1200°C with an additional dose of 12 wt.% Na2SO4 with metallic iron grade and recovery in concentrate were 89.119% and 94.64%, respectively, while titanium oxide grade and recovery in the tailings were 19.32% and 38.23%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ablution wastewater can be reused and utilized, which is prudent. The greater the demand for clean water, the higher the costs, which is why alternative water treatment technologies must be implemented in anticipatioto anticipate future water shortages and ic benefits. The need for clean water is crucial in a varietvariousies and endeavors. The point of the study is to determine the design of the Sudalmiyah Rais Mosque's ablution water recycling system, which will include a sand filter and zeolite stone processing system. The research method used in this research is site surveys, research sampling, the manufacturing of research reactors, and laboratory tests. According to the results of research using a sand and zeolite filter reactor and laboratory tests, the Sudalmiyah Rais Mosque's ablution wastewater is classified as class B water under the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia's Regulation No. 416, which means that it can be used for raw or clean water but requires simple treatment. The dimensions of the ablution wastewater reservoir are 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m, while the size of the ablution water reservoir is 3 m x 2 m x 1.5 m, based on the planning results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the most resource-intensive structures in water supply systems such as fast filters. Replacing traditional sand filters with floating ones with a layer of suspended polystyrene foam can significantly intensify the filtering process. As it turned out, their main drawback is drainage distribution systems. Replacing traditional drainage systems with polymer concrete drainage avoids these disadvantages. However, in polymer-concrete drainage of a tray type, an uneven distribution of flow along the length of the tray may occur. To prevent this phenomenon, it was proposed that the bottom of the drainage is performed with an uneven cross section with a slope towards the collection channel, by means of the device of a prototype. The mathematical description of this process is carried out using three equations: the equation of the influx of water into the tray; the equation of motion of water flow in the tray and the equation of balance. Based on this mathematical model, a program was developed in Microsoft Excel. A numerical study of this model was also carried out on a real-size filter. As research results showed that an increase in the coefficient of hydraulic resistance and the slope of the tray bottom contribute to a uniform flow distribution, and a change in intensity slightly affects the uniformity of distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandblasting is one of the techniques used to clean the iron surface from dirt, dust, or rust. Several factors need to be considered when using sandblasting on the surface of ASTM-36 iron, such as the distance, pressure, and type of sand used. The distance variation used in this study consisted of 100 mm, 150 mm, and 200 mm. The pressures used in this study consisted of 4.5 bar, 5 bar, and 5.5 bar. At the same time, the type of sand used in this study consists of Setokok sand, Nongsa sand, and Bahagia sand. There were nine samples tested in this study using a combination of variations. The investigation was done before and after the sandblasting process for all samples using a Surface Roughness Tester based on ISSO: 1997 and image analysis. The results showed that all samples experienced an increase in surface roughness after the sandblasting process. However, E sample showed the highest increase in surface roughness (pressure: 5 bars, distance: 150 mm, and sand type: Bahagia sand). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the basic amenity of human life. The most important concern is providing safe and ample water to the rural and urban communities. Korampallam Lake is situated in the Tuticorin district. It has a capacity of 229.39 million cubic feet. It is the water source for six villages in and around the lake. Hence, the water quality should meet the drinking water standards in connection to that the lake water has been analyzed by taking around six samples. The samples were analyzed for pH, turbidity, chloride, iron, odor intensity, nitrate, nitrite, fluoride, and MPN. The results compared with the Indian Standards for drinking water –IS10500 had a higher value of hardness, alkalinity, and turbidity. Scheme of water treatment plant has been proposed along with the treatment units for these impurities. Two penstocks and bell mouth strainers were placed at different lake levels to overcome the variation in water level and entry of large particles into the system. Moreover, based on the water quality results, the treatment plant design suggested an aeration unit for odor and fluoride concentration removal clarifloculation units for turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness removal. In addition to it, a rapid sand filter design was suggested for filtration. The chlorination unit design is suggested for the removal of bacterial contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to design a water purification technique for wellbore peat soil which has a high yellow rust (high iron content level). This research method is carried out by designing a layered or multilevel filter technique that is designed in such a way as to get the right composition in the filter layer arrangement. The borehole water sample studied had an iron content level of 5.0863 mg/L which did not find the requirements for clean water (at least 0.5 mg/L) and drinking water (at least 0.3 mg/L). The zeolite filter media was able to reduce the iron content level of the sample to 3.0362 mg/L. Activated charcoal filter media was able to reduce the iron content level of the sample to 1.4662 mg/L. The zeolite-activated charcoal filter media was effective in reducing the iron content level of the sample to 0.0326 mg/L. The last research has been carried out with the composition and arrangement of the filter layers in the container in order from top to bottom is zeolite, charcoal, beach shell sand. The filter is most effective in reducing the iron content level of the sample to 0.0106 mg/L. The results of the borehole water filtration using zeolite-activated charcoal filter media and zeolite-activated charcoal-coastal sand filter is categorized as clean water and drinking water. However, the filtered water must still be cooked for drinking water so that germs and bacteria die in boiling water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filtration is a very significant and critical unit procedure that eliminates dirt particles. It is unavoidable that current rapid sand filters enhance their performance as the requirements for water quality have been updated and are demanding much better performance. At the same time the overall system is under the pressure of catering the need of increase demand because of urbanization. Under such condition the need of improved enactment of filtration process will be the key. Filter conditioning, which is used to advance performance of filter, is a fairly new technique in water treatment sector. Filter conditioning is said to have several advantages, including a shorter ripening period, improved turbidity reduction, and generally steady filtrate quality. It also has restrictions such as a shorter filter run and a higher back washing need. Current research explains the attempt of assessing the use of filter conditioning using poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) as conditioner along with courser media with lower coefficient of uniformity. The research was performed by establishing a pilot plant at the Ichalkaranji municipal water treatment plant and running a 300-minute filter run. Different dosages of PACl were evaluated as filter conditioners, and the results were compared to the performance of a conventional sand filter. The evaluation parameters were the ripening period, turbidity reduction, total water filtered, and net water produced. The filter conditioner dose was injected as a slug dose. The influence of zeta (ζp) potential modification was found to be one of the key causes of performance enhancement, improving surface exclusion since the early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South-western coastal zone of Bangladesh severely facing crisis for safe drinking water. Frequent natural disasters enhancing this problem more acute here. After the Cyclone Aila, the scarcity of pure drinking water became more worsening in the study area. Different drinking Water Supply System (WSS), including Open Surface Water (OSW e.g., Pond), Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Shallow Tube Well (STW), Deep Tube Well (DTW), Rain Water Harvesting (RWH), Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Piped Water Supply (PWS) are being existing here to meet the demand of drinking water. Though these water supply systems are commonly used here as a solution to the drinking water crisis; but there is no complete study of the sustainability of these technologies on the basis of technical suitability, economic viability, and social acceptability combinedly. The main aim of this study is to explore the technical suitability through water quality analysis, economic viability throughout the installation-operation-maintenance cost, and social acceptability from various social perspectives of these technologies. Among the south-western coastal regions, Assasuni Upazila under Satkhira district was fixed for the study purpose as the difficulties of safe drinking water are severe here and maximum WSSs are present in this area. To assess technical suitability, water samples are collected by using appropriate sampling method to measure the selected Water Quality (WQ) Parameters. To collect the primary data of socioeconomic perspectives (economic viability & social acceptability) of different drinking water technologies from the study area, a structured questionnaire was applied. Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII) also performed to collect the primary data. From this research, the coastal dwellers of the study area can find suitable and sustainable WSS for them according to their socio-economic needs. Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQI) method are used for WQI value to assess the suitability of water for drinking purpose. According to social perspective STW, OSW users are more but the quality of these water is the worst and most of the OSW sources are not protected. STW, RWH installation are cost effective for the study area people. The quality of RO, RWH & MW are the best due to technical category; however, RO and MW are the most costly among all the WSS. Some collected water sample's quality is unsuitable for drinking though the peoples are drinking from those sources. Due to lack of proper maintenance some WSS becoming unsuitable to use. Some WSS providing short term solutions or severely affecting by natural disasters. Safe and Sustainable WSS which will ensure the Bangladesh Standard (BDS) WQ value is needed in the study area to meet the target of SDG 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The erratic rain intensity encourages Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) or the turbidity level of raw water unstable, thus to overcome such issue, regional drinking water companies (PDAM) conducted water treatment cleaning with sand media [1]. Practically, however, regional drinking water companies (PDAM) experience difficulty in obtaining good quality sand to be used as filter material thereby lowering and sustaining NTU levels, both in terms of economy and time. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Bira beach sand program with variations in thickness of 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and utilizing the 3 variations of raw water turbidity, which are: low 25 Ntu, medium 50 Ntu and high 100 Ntu. The filter method uses the Up-flow method with a reactor size of 25 cm long, 25 cm wide, and 150 cm high. From the results of filtration using Bira beach sand, it indicates that the greater the thickness of the sand media, greater efficiency of Ntu and TSS level, along with the highest efficiency of Ntu and TSS level is found in the thickness of the sand medium of 30 cm with the percent efficiency of Ntu (45.85%) and TSS (50.54 %) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing phenomenon is that groundwater in the Universitas Pembangunan Nasional (UPN) "Veteran" Yogyakarta integrated campus complex smells and has a reddish-brown color, and when the water is used for bathing, the skin becomes dry. This water, when used for washing clothes and white utensils, will change the color of the objects being washed, namely turning brownish yellow, besides that the water also creates sediment in the water reservoir. Based on this phenomenon, it is assumed that the groundwater contains quite high levels of iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn). In order to overcome this problem, it is necessary to reduce the levels of manganese and iron in groundwater in order to comply with the regulations set by the Permenkes on clean water requirements. This research has aims to determine the quality of drill well water and determine the method of processing the well water so that it can be used as clean water that meets the requirements of Permenkes Number: 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. The filter reactor used is a slow sand filter with multi-media filters, namely gravel, silica sand, manganese zeolite, and activated carbon. The results showed that the well water has water quality parameters with levels of TDS, temperature, taste, odor, pH, fluoride, hardness, and nitrate which are still below the hygienic water quality standard. Meanwhile, other water quality parameters, namely levels of Turbidity, Color, Iron, Manganese, and Nitrite have levels above the standard threshold for hygienic water quality and drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With more and more development of urban and semi urban areas, the problems related to waste water are getting complicated day by day. Raw sewage is the principal polluter to sources of water in India leading a host of disease like diarrhoea, malaria etc., and agriculture contamination including environmental degradationIndia's largest cities have centralized sewage system, but, these methods are costly to construct, maintain. Bharat's small towns can't afford to build such system. Treatment and recycle of sewage in urban and semi urban areas from small communities and educational institutions can minimize the stress on existing STP's and infrastructure. Also, carters the shortage of water mainly during dry season. In this project study was made on treating and recycling of sewage water by combination of wetland and rapid sand filter for a community. The primary objective of study is to find the sustainability of wetland plant called typha for direct treatment of sewage water. And secondary aim of this research is to recycle the sewage. For this a laboratory model has been developed. The influent and effluent were studied (monthly) for the efficiency, by the various characteristics like PH, Total solids, Nitrates, Nitrites, Sodium, Potassium, Total phosphorous, COD, BOD, Ammonia, Sulphates and Turbidity will help research develop and transfer technologies and methodologies in an isolated management of domestic sewage water which will ultimately lead in the treatment of waste water. In this project or study parameter like COD and BOD reduced up to 95%. The size of wetland is reduced drastically around then regular [only for typha]. Due to design and structural advantage it can be operated and maintained effectively then regular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]