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Low current output detection based electronic reader are the key factor for biosensors commercialization. Two type electrode based amperometric biosensors show low current signal output around nanoampere (pA) to microampere (µA) range. In this research, an electronic reader system with voltage converter, voltage amplifier, main control circuit and LCD display was developed to detect current output value for two type electrode amperometric biosensors in selectable ranges of nanoampere. The current source module will act as a replacement for the biosensor input current. The experiment was to verified the electrical functionality measurements of the device by comparing the accuracy of the electronic reader with Keithley 2450 source meter. The Design Spark PCB software and LTspice software were used to design the electronic reader circuit. Arduino software was used to create a programming code to upload in NodeMCU microcontroller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An outbreak of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and spread across China and beyond. WHO officially named the disease caused by the novel coronavirus as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Features included pyrexia, radiological signs or acute respiratory distress, reduced or normal white blood cells, lymphopenia, and failure to resolve over 3 to 5 days of antibiotic treatment. This paper describes ultra-selective and rapid to detect the electrical signal generated by the biosensor that converts the biological reaction into an electrical signal and can make early RNA Covid-19 detection. As a step in preparing the biosensor, silanization with (3-Aminopropyl) Triethoxysilane (APTES), immobilization of RNA Covid-19 Probe were used. Then, the biosensor was hybridized to perform selectivity measurement using complementary and non-complementary RNA Covid-19 target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present present the effect of orientation of silicon nanowires on its band structure properties based on atomic interaction within SiNWs. It was observed the atomic interaction energy resulted in inducing force which created both repulsive or attractive generating free radicals which produce dynamic behaviour leading to band structure shrinkage. This effect has been observed in various theoretical studies for nanowires. At fixed position, the atom within the silicon significantly interact, resulting in relative molecular vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of orientation for nanostructures on electronics properties is evaluated theoretically in this paper. The orientation structures show remarkable influence on the silicon semiconductor materials. The geometries of nanostructure have mainly an influence on the surface charges activity. Orientation (111) has the highest charges activity among the three nanostructures orientations. The greatest enhancement of the band structure is obtained attributed to the extremely higher specific surface area due to the geometry influence. Thus, this finding results analysis described herein will serve as an effective benchmark for the design and subsequent nanostructures fabrication of the nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vibration properties and the mechanical characteristic are important for the stability of electronics devices, particularly for Nano devices with high potential application. Silicon Nanowire show different properties from the corresponding bulk silicon. The understanding of its behaviour with reliable theoretical model explain the relation between size effect of the nanowire and the vibration frequency is significant to reveal the mechanical behaviour of the device is very important. Thus, this study, present the effect of small diameter of Silicon Nanowires on Its Vibration Properties is established based on the lattice parameters and the binding energy change of silicon nanowire based on first principles calculations through Abinit. Atomic interaction of the SiNWs obtained based on the density functional theory. It was observed that the atomic interaction energy as result of electromechanically induced pressure due -hole pair in which electron (e−) was reductive, and hole (h+) was oxidative. The hole (h+) reacted with e− in the second nanowire, generating free radicals (e−), superoxide anion and perhydroxyl radicals which create phonon group velocity this create vibration. Due to the excessive energy of process the temperature rises and alters the atomic cubic dimensions in turn affect its elastic properties. The nanowire compared with with bulk silicon exhibit high higher modulus, this as result of damped behaviour of the nanowire which is due to the high frequency vibration of silicon atoms at the edge of SiNWs and its Debye length is shorter. As the wire diameter decrease effect of the atomic vibration is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total energy of the silicon nanowire is getting attention recently, due to the wire application battery. Thus, this study presents the silicon nanowire total energy based on local density approximation the results that showed silicon nanowires have better energy with standing. These properties can contribute to the reliability and design of novel silicon nanodevices especially in battery industry. Electronic properties of SiNWs were studied based on First principal method via DFT. Abinit code were used for calculation as implemented in Linux. The total energy at (001), (110) and (111) with different sizes were calculated. The total energy for (001), (110) and (111) SiNWs are -1.33, -1.35 and -1.37 respectively. SiNWs in the direction of {111} has the lowest total energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical properties and total energy of SiNWs were studied based on first principle method via density functional theory. Abinit code were used for calculation as implemented in Linux coupled with Matlab scripts. Effect of various sizes and orientations on mechanical properties and total energy of silicon nanowire were identified. The mechanical properties and total energy at (001), (110) and (111) were determined. The atomic interaction in the wires influenced various mechanical parameters of the wire. The results show the strain for the three orientations were 0.1164×10−5, 0.12×10−5 and 0.115×10−5 with modulus of 149.6GPa, 75.5GPa and 85.1GPa respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, second leading cause of death for women is a Cervical Cancer. CC is caused by infection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV strains 16 (50.8%), 18 (17.6%), and 58 (2.6%) became the most leading strains of infection in Malaysia. Recently, a study showed that HPV 58 was rare worldwide but famous in Asia countries including Malaysia. However, detection the significance of HPV-58 in women has not been studied extensively because of rare case compared to HPV 16 and 18. HPV-58 is commonly found in East Asia, but infrequently worldwide, due to changes in the environment of viruses and humans. Detailed biological knowledge is crucial for the development of effective countermeasures, diagnostic tests, vaccines and antiviral drugs against the HPV. The oligonucleotide sequences of HPV 58 in E6 region have been analysed between 24-35 mer in order to maintain the specificity and selectivity. The percentage of similarities between the coding sequences has developed with 66.7% of GC content. The DNA probe of HPV 58 was 5'GGG CGC TGT GCA GTG TGT TGG AGA CCC CGA3' with 30 mer of oligonucleotides. The important of E6 region for developing the coding sequence as it involved in the DNA reproduction, transcription, translation regulation and transformation of HPV genome. Phylogenetic trees were then constructed by Neighbour-Joining and the Kimura 2-parameters methods, followed by an analysis of selection pressures acting on the E6/E7 genes by ebi ac uk tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) is one of the top-heavy metal pollutants often encountered in industrial wastewater. The presence of high levels of Pb in the environment may cause long-term health risks to humans. This study was focused on the removal and stripping of lead solution using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) process. LLE was conducted using three types of extractants with sulphuric acid, H2SO4 as a stripping agent. Experimental parameters studied were types of extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA), trioctylamine (TOA) and tributylphosphate (TBP) and concentration of extractant (0.005, 0.05 and 0.5 M) and types of diluents (kerosene and toluene) respectively. The result indicates that, D2EHPA shows a good performance for removal of Pb compared to TOA and TBP where the highest extraction rate of lead was 93.92 %. Meanwhile, TBP shows the highest stripping rate of lead which is 93.57 %. Kerosene was found to be the best diluent compared to toluene. Overall, the optimum Pb extraction and stripping was obtained at 0.5 M D2EHPA and 0.005 M TBP with 250 rpm stirring speed, 5 min stirring time, 0.5 M H2SO4 and treat ratio 1:1. This LLE process has a good potential to aid in low-cost and environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Heavy metals ions are ions which generally occupied most part water sources such river, sea and other water flow channels such as drainage, water pipe. The exist of the ions in drinking water traces have called the attention researchers due to the recent discovery of the ions problem in both human health and aquatic animal such as fish. Fish come and encounter heavy metals ions in the river and ingest it and subsequently this fish eaten by man. The ions will pass to human and attack some human orgains. Finding the reliable solution to detect traces of heavy metals ions in water is a promising approach to eliminate such problems. This research aim is to enhance detection of heavy sensors, for sensor technology industry using the fabricated MTES surface-modified silicon interdigitated electrode to detect arsenic ion in water, The device was fabricated using conventional photolithography process coupled with deep RIE etching. The fabricated devices was modified surface and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and high-power microscopy. The electrical analysis by applying voltage to measure the device response to the surface modification step and subsequently against arsenic ion as it bonded to the device via MPTES, various MTES concentrations distinguished against the bare device and arsenic concentration. Based on current and voltage analysis, concentration-dependent results were obtained, the detection limit for surface modified IDE to the arsenic detection was 20 pM with the linear response behaviour to the concentration, Thus, with this wonderful detection limits, the devices high high-performance characteristic by selectively distinguish arsenic ions against other foreign elements in the water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presented a functionalized silicon with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) to serve as a sensor for heavy metal detection. The amino-functionalized Si nanowires were tested against the heavy metal, lead (Pb). Due to the silicon electrochemical response towards the heavy metal ions, linear response to four different sources of water was observed. The results indicated that Pb can be detected with a high precision. Furthermore, confirmation was demonstrated using atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine the level lead content in the collected water source. Tab water (H2O), River H2O, Treated (H2O), DI (deionized) H2O and found the levels of 0.0859 mg/L, 0.0929 mg/L, 0.0052mg/L, 0.0023 mg/L with 5.8pA, 7.2pA, 4.6pA, 3.3pA current responses, respectively. Thus, with this high capability to discriminate water samples, the sensor potential can be employed for effective heavy metal detections and further be extended to a large sensor network in water treatment plant. A new microfluidic bonding material based on SU8 to implement electrical Nano chemical sensors for ions sensing, and an investigation of direct electrical measurement allowed for label free detection.. Thus, the study developed new room temperature bonding method using SU8 as an intermediate adhesive layer. The SU8 modified bonding was compared with non modified. The bond strength of SU8 modified was found to be stronger than ordinary plasma bonding under the same curing conditions. Overnight room temperature curing yields an average burst pressure of 420 kPa, which is more than adequate for many PDMS sensor devices. In contrast, non SU8 coated plasma bonded resulted in a burst pressure of only 174 KPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic and mechanical properties of SiNWs were studied based on First principle method via density functional theory. Effect of orientations on mechanical properties of silicon nanowire were identified. The elastic properties of {110}, {100}, {011} and {111} orientations were calculated. Due to atomic interaction in wires, various mechanical properties of wire changes were noted. The results show for strain 0.1164×10−5, 0.12×10−5 and 0.115×10−5 with modulus of 149.6GPa, 75.5GPa and 85.1GPa respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is an emerging interdisciplinary technology that has been booming in many areas during recent decade. The objective of this work was to verify Activated Alumina for removal of heavy metal arsenic with designed filtration unit. Alumina and Zinc oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using both sol-gel and chemical techniques. This study is mainly focused on the synthesis method of Al2O3-NPs using two different type of acids namely sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid with the base NaOH and KOH. The water treatment filtration unit designed using AutoCAD software. The alumina is prepared to remove heavy metals, especially arsenic from drinking water in order to obtain clean water. Chemical synthesis method of ZnO-NPs was carried out using prepared sodium hydroxide and zinc nitrate heptahydrate zinc acetate. The samples were characterized by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and UV-vis. The average crystallite size of synthesized alumina range from 7.1 to 28 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar power is absolutely perfect for usage with irrigation systems and field landscape such as golf course, field and especially for planting. This study utilized 12 V Solar Panel, the energy from sun will converted to electrical energy, striking and shining causes the solar panel absorbs the energy of the sun. The designed water pumped was controlled by the humidity sensor, the system turn on the pump at particular preset time to keep the pump running automatically. The system was tested for two consecutive days with optimum generation of flow rate and switched with the humidity is high. Thus, this system is reliable and can be integrated with irrigation farms to support in automatic and constant water supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, the El-Nino phenomenon happen in 2016 was caused the used of home appliances increasing including air-conditioner, fan and air cooler which are used frequently compared to other appliances. This report presents prototype development System for Security and Temperature Control using Microcontroller Based with Smartphone Application. The system has beneficial to reduce human labour besides energy saving and designed for special purposes which can easily maintain the temperature in sorrounding home. The system used several sensors for input parts including LM35 for temperature sensor and Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensor for motion detector. For security system, the Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) has been used as security input user identification. A microcontroller arduino uno type is used as the system brain in the process part. In outputs part, servo motor has been used as door application while Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and buzzer as indicators when RFID is in use. A smartphone application is implemented in the system which allows the user to control a device remotely including home appliances through Bluetooth module. All data will display in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) as user reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination such as arsenic becomes serious threat to the health and environment of many millions in a worldwide. Arsenic contamination especially in paddy field has driven to the accumulation of As in paddy soils and possibly have adverse effects on rice products. To assess the level of severity of arsenic in paddy field is a major constraint at early stages. In the past, quantification of concentration of arsenic has been as difficult as reducing it. Thus label free Aptamer based biosensor is the most reliable sensor recently due to the advantages for the sensitive and selective detection towards detecting arsenic. Finally, this paper will discuss the current outcomes in arsenic detection using Aptasensor with sensing element formatting in enhancing the sensor signal for detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, two electrode based amperometric biosensors show extremely low current signal output around pico ampere (pA) to micro ampere (µA) range. This paper describes the development of electronic reader to capture and amplify four different range of current as mili, micro, nano and pico ampere and convert it to detectable voltage range as an output signal to the microcontroller. The MAX4238 op-amp IC was used to amplify micro voltage to mili voltage. NodeMCU was act as the process and control circuit to read the output voltage from the amplifier circuit. The entire system is comprised of a voltage amplifier circuit, filter circuit, microcontroller and power supply unit. The range of the current measurement of the system was from 1 pA to 650 mA. The amplifier operation was measured with a high impedance current source and has been compared with the theoretical measurement. The Design Spark PCB software was used to design the voltage amplifier circuit. Arduino software was used to create a programming code to upload in NodeMCU microcontroller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles based Aluminium Interdigitated Electrode (Al IDE) was tested as pH electrodes and measured quantitatively. TiO2 nanoparticle was synthesized using sol-gel method with monoethanolamine (MEA) as a catalyst. The mixing of titanium butoxide as a precursor, ethanol as a solvent and MEA as stabilizer were stirred using magnetic stirrer under ambient temperature. Al IDE were fabricated by conventional photolithography method. TiO2 solution prepared then was deposited on Al IDE using spin-coater and the coated device were annealed at 400°C. Deposition of TiO2 solution on the fabricated Al IDE forms a sensor that promising for development of TiO2 nanoparticle based biosensors. The surface morphologies structural properties were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The small amount of current measurement of this device towards hydrogen and hydroxide ions was measured by Keithley 2450 pico ammeter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to media reports, environmental pollution by heavy metals is harmful to the millions of people across the world. Apart from that, heavy metal accumulation may have an effect on animal and plants as well due to their toxicity. In agriculture sector, irrigation with high a toxicity of heavy metals will affect the growth of plant. Rice for example is grown in flooded fields thus are easily immobilized as compared to dryland crop. In fact, this heavy metal is readily available and become severe to paddy plant. Therefore, this study aims to quantify and focus on the concentrations of arsenic and zinc in paddy grains, where it will help a researcher to monitor and trace the amount of heavy metal in paddy field especially in paddy grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research study is to study the electrical and topography analysis of fabricated Aluminium Interdigitated Electrode (Al IDE). Al IDE pattern was designed using AutoCAD software with 50 µM finger gap. Fabricated electrode was physically characterized using High Power Microscope (HPM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and electrically validated through I-V measurement using Current Source Meter (Keithley 2450) and sensor platform. Electrical measurement confirmed that Al IDE was well fabricated without any shortage and results of similar Al IDE samples were confirmed that the repeatability of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of interactional justice (IJ) and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) on burnout (BO) among housemen in Malaysia Public Hospital. This study involve 15 urban hospital in Malaysia. Quantitative method was used in the study to analyse the questionnaire. The questionnaire will distribute to the 800 housemen in 15 urban public hospital in Malaysia. The questionnaire will analyze by using PLS-SEM statistical tool. From the analyze the hypothesis are accepted and significant. The IJ and OCB can reduce the value of BO among housemen in public hospital. The information based on this study will be a valuable guide to the Ministry of Health (MoH) in and decrease the level of burnout among housemen in Malaysia. The hospital management also can use the information based on the study to upgrade the policy and standard operating procedure (SOP) towards the management of the housemen. Also, this study can be the basis to help the Malaysian housemen to identify the causes of burnout and improve their perspectives upon this issue. Not only that, knowing the dimensions of burnout and its causes can create a positive vibe in the medical environment, particularly among the ministry, hospital management, housemen, and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates E.coli O157:H7 bacteria detection through the electrical based aluminium interdigitated electrode (Al-IDE) biosensor. Functionalization step, silanization process was done using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES). Immobilization process was done using carboxylic probe E.coli. The physical properties of the biosensor were characterized by using low power microscope (LPM), high power microscope (HPM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The I-V characteristics were performed for every functionalization step consists of bare Al-IDE, silanization, immobilization, and hybridization. Tween-20 was used as a blocking agent for the nonspecific binding on the non-immobilized area of the biosensor surface. The biosensor was validated with complementary, noncomplementary, and single based mismatch ssDNA targets. Different concentrations of complementary target ssDNA from 10 fM to 1 μM was done for the sensitivity detection. The electrical measurements were done using picoammeter voltage source (Keithley 2450), Kickstart software, and probe station. It confirmed that Al-IDE biosensor is successfully able to detect specific nanoampere range of concentrated E.coli O157:H7 ssDNA targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is becoming a dominant tool for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics in the medical field, in the recent years. Multi-disease analysis using single chip via delivery of fluid with the same condition of multiple transducers without contamination is the pathway of multi-channel microfluidic based LOCs. The LOC system was designed using SOLIDWORKS software. The microfluidic photomask was designed by using AutoCAD software to make chrome mask. The SU-8 negative photoresist was used for master mold preparation through a photolithography process. PDMS was used as a medium of the microfluidic. The low power microscope, high power microscope, and surface profilometer were used to morphologically characterize the microfluidic mold and the PDMS microfluidic. 3-in-1 nano biosensor kit was attached with the microfluidic to produce Nano-Biolab-on-a-chip (NBLOC) device. The structural integrity of the system was observed by dropping food coloring dye through the inlet and collecting at the outlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low power electrical output detection based electronic readers are the key factor for biosensor commercialization. Generally, two-electrode based amperometric biosensors show extremely low current signal output around picoampere (pA) to microampere (μA) range. In this research, a portable electronic reader system with I/V converter amplifier was developed to detect current output values for two-electrode amperometric biosensors in selectable ranges of pA to nA. The system consists of commercially available two inverting amplifiers Burr-Brown OPA 129, microcontroller unit (MCU), 16-bit I2C, extra component for input/output protection, and power supply unit. The Arduino software and Proteus software were used to design and simulate the system properly before implement the hardware part. The complete system was verified via testing with variable high-impedance current source as input and compared the experimental result with theoretical output. The range of the current measurement of the system was from 1 pA to 250 nA for two-electrode based biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic is the study of fluid in microscale. Microfluidics provides miniaturized fluidic networks for processing and analyzing liquids in the nanoliter to milliliter range. Microfluidic device comprises of some essential segments or structure that are micromixer, microchannel and microchamber. The SU-8 mold is known as the most used technique in microfluidic fabrication due to the characteristic of very gooey polymer that can be spread over a thickness. In this study, in order to reduce the fabrication cost, the development and fabrication of SU-8 mold is replace by using a glass plate instead of silicon wafer which is used in the previous research. We designed a microfluidic chip for use with an IDE sensors to conduct multiplex detection of multiple channels. The microfluidic chip was designed to include multiplex detection for pathogen that consists of multiple channels of simultaneous results. The multi-channel microfluidic chip was designed, including the fluid outlet and inlet. A multi-channel microfluidic chip was used for pathogen detection. This paper sum up the fabrication of lab SU-8 mold using glass slide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, the electrical biosensor usually shows extremely low current signal output around pico ampere to microampere range. In this research, electronic reader with amplifier has been demonstrated to detect ultra low current via the biosensor. The operational amplifier Burr-Brown OPA 128 and Arduino Uno board were used to construct the portable electronic reader. There are two cascaded inverting amplifier were used to detect ultra low current through the biosensor from pico amperes (pA) to nano amperes ranges (nA). A small known input current was form by applying variable voltage between 0.1V to 5.0V across a 5GΩ high resistor to check the amplifier circuit. The amplifier operation was measured with the high impedance current source and has been compared with the theoretical measurement. The Arduino Uno was used to convert the analog signal to digital signal and process the data to display on reader screen. In this project, Proteus software was used to design and test the circuit. Then it was implemented together with Arduino Uno board. Arduino board was programmed using C programming language to make whole circuit communicate each order. The current was measured then it shows a small difference values compared to theoretical values, which is approximately 14pA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) O157:H7 is the one of the most dangerous foodborne pathogens based diseases that presence in our daily life that causes illness and death increase every year. Aluminum Interdigitated Electrode (Al IDE) biosensor was introduced to detect E.Coli O157:H7 in earlier stage. In this paper we investigated ssDNA of E.Coli O157:H7 bacteria detection through electrical behavior of Al IDE sensor. The physical properties of Al IDE biosensor has been characterized using Low Power Microscope (LPM), High Power Microscope (HPM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and 3D Nano Profiler. The bare Al IDE was electrical characterized by using I-V measurement. The surface modification was accomplished by salinization using APTES and immobilization using Carboxylic Probe E.Coli which was the first step in preparing Al IDE biosensor. Geared up prepared biosensor was hybridized with complementary, noncomplementary and single based mismatch ssDNA to confirmed specificity detection of E Coli O157:H7 ssDNA target. The Current-Voltage was performed for each step such as bare Al IDE, surface modification, immobilization and hybridization. Sensitivity measurement was accomplished using different concentration of complementary ssDNA target from 1 fM-10 μM. Selectivity measurements was achieved using same concentration which was 10 μM concentration for complement, non-complement and mismatch E.Coli O157:H7 ssDNA target. It's totally proved that the Al IDE able to detect specific and small current down to Femtomolar concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant disease such as Rice tungro disease (RTD) becomes a major problem in rice production and also will effect in the economy loss in the country. Therefore, to tackle this problem at early stages, the immunosensor application is a most reliable sensor nowadays because of advantages towards detecting biological molecule. Thus, in order to deal with immunosensor development, it can be done by undergoing the formation of immunosensor format on screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Results can be elaborated with the potential applications to detect the viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) is a most dangerous pathogen among the cucurbit plant which it striking cucumbers, zucchinis, squashes, watermelons but it also striking to non-cucurbit such as peppers, tobaccos, celeries, beans and tomatoes. Symptoms shown by this virus when they starting to strike are very significant and at the end can kill the hosts they infected. In order to detect these viruses, biosensor such as screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is developed and fixes a set potential voltage is defined using Chronoamperometry (CM) immunosensor technique. For short introduction, CM is a process which is a constant applied potential voltage between the working and reference electrode is maintained in order to create an electrons transfer for the oxidation or reduction species taking place at the surface of working electrode is measured and in this manuscript, complete details about measurement were used to finding the stable set potential voltages will be pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice tungro disease (RTD) causes major losses to rice crop plantation. Hence, a highly sensitive tools need to be developed for the detection of RTD which can be employed in both laboratory and field. An electrochemical immunosensor system for the detection of RTD, based on immobilized specific antibodies conjugated with gold nanoparticle was developed for this purpose. However, this paper focus for RTBV interaction using the conjugated antibodies which is added with polymer and deposited on carbon screen printed working electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to detect the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) Tat protein using interdigitated electrodes. The measurements and images of the IDEs' finger gaps and the images of chitosancarbon nanotubes deposited on top of the interdigitated electrodes were taken using the Scanning Electron Microscope. The detection of HIV-1 Tat protein was done using split aptamers and aptamer tail. Biosensors were chosen as diagnostic equipment due to their rapid diagnostic capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the fabrication process of the zinc oxide thin films for using to act as pH detection by using different PH solution. Sol-gel solution technique is used for preparing zinc oxide seed solution, followed by metal oxide deposition process by using spin coater on the silicon dioxide. Silicon dioxide layer is grown on the silicon wafer, then, ZnO seed solution is deposited on the silicon layer, baked, and annealing process carried on to undergo the characterization of its surface morphology, structural and crystalline phase. Electrical characterization is showed by using PH 4, 7, and 10 is dropped on the surface of the die, in addition, APTES solution is used as linker and also as a references of the electrical characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to extract, purify and yield DNA in mushroom from solid state mushroom sample by using fabricated continuous high-capacity sample delivery microfluidic through integrated solid state extraction based amino-coated silica bead. This device is made to specifically extract DNA in mushroom sample in continuous inflow process with energy and cost consumption. In this project, we present two methods of DNA extraction and purification which are by using centrifuge (complex and conventional method) and by using microfluidic biosensor (new and fast method). DNA extracted can be determined by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The peak obtained at wavelength 260nm after measuring the absorbance of sample proves that DNA is successfully extracted from the mushroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factor IX deficiency is the main cause of hemophilia A and B. This a severe excessive bleeding disorder that can even kill the patient if not treated with the right prescription of Factor IX hormone to stop the bleeding. The bleeding can be caused by an injury or even a sudden bleeding in some very rare cases. To find the Factor IX effectiveness and to understand the deficiency more carefully for the future of medicine, experiments are conducted to test the Factor IX using the Interdigitated Electrode (IDE) and gold Nanoparticle with the help of Nanoelectrical technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the analysis for the determination of fixed-potential selection using chronoamperometry technique for the detection of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). RTBV is one of the viruses that cause Tungro disease in rice plantation where the epidemic has been reported since the mid-1960s. Thus immuno-biosensor developed here can replace traditional and conventional analytical systems. One of the important steps to develop immunosensor is to determine the best potential to use in this system to indicate high percentage of active area in conducting electron and it can be used as the best potential for future immunosensor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]