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We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites of the electron jet in a symmetric magnetic reconnection event with moderate guide field. All four spacecraft sampled the ion diffusion region and observed the electron exhaust. The observations suggest that the presence of the guide field leads to an asymmetric Hall field, which results in an electron jet skewed towards the separatrix with a nonzero component along the magnetic field. The jet appears in conjunction with a spatially and temporally persistent parallel electric field ranging from -3 to -5  mV/m, which led to dissipation on the order of 8  nW/m^{3}. The parallel electric field heats electrons that drift through it, and is associated with a streaming instability and electron phase space holes.

We report observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites of parallel electric fields (E_{∥}) associated with magnetic reconnection in the subsolar region of the Earth's magnetopause. E_{∥} events near the electron diffusion region have amplitudes on the order of 100  mV/m, which are significantly larger than those predicted for an antiparallel reconnection electric field. This Letter addresses specific types of E_{∥} events, which appear as large-amplitude, near unipolar spikes that are associated with tangled, reconnected magnetic fields. These E_{∥} events are primarily in or near a current layer near the separatrix and are interpreted to be double layers that may be responsible for secondary reconnection in tangled magnetic fields or flux ropes. These results are telling of the three-dimensional nature of magnetopause reconnection and indicate that magnetopause reconnection may be often patchy and/or drive turbulence along the separatrix that results in flux ropes and/or tangled magnetic fields.

Kinetic simulations of magnetotail reconnection have revealed electromagnetic whistlers originating near the exhaust boundary and propagating into the inflow region. The whistler production mechanism is not a linear instability, but rather is Čerenkov emission of almost parallel whistlers from localized moving clumps of charge (finite-size quasiparticles) associated with nonlinear coherent electron phase space holes. Whistlers are strongly excited by holes without ever growing exponentially. In the simulation the whistlers are emitted in the source region from holes that accelerate down the magnetic separatrix towards the x line. The phase velocity of the whistlers vφ in the source region is everywhere well matched to the hole velocity vH as required by the Čerenkov condition. The simulation shows emission is most efficient near the theoretical maximum vφ=half the electron Alfven speed, consistent with the new theoretical prediction that faster holes radiate more efficiently. While transferring energy to whistlers the holes lose coherence and dissipate over a few local ion inertial lengths. The whistlers, however, propagate to the x line and out over many 10's of ion inertial lengths into the inflow region of reconnection. As the whistlers pass near the x line they modulate the rate at which magnetic field lines reconnect.

Previous 2D simulations of reconnection using a standard model of initially antiparallel magnetic fields have detected electron jets outflowing from the x point into the ion outflow exhausts. Associated with these jets are extended "outer electron diffusion regions." New PIC simulations with an ion to electron mass ratio as large as 1836 (an H(+) plasma) now show that the jets are strongly deflected and the outer electron diffusion region is broken up by a very weak out-of-plane magnetic guide field, even though the diffusion rate itself is unchanged. Jet outflow and deflection are interpreted in terms of electron dynamics and are compared to recent measurements of jets in the presence of a small guide field in Earth's magnetosheath.

Observations of electron phase-space holes (EHs) in Earth's plasma sheet by the THEMIS satellites include the first detection of a magnetic perturbation (deltaB_{ parallel}) parallel to the ambient magnetic field (B0). EHs with a detectable deltaB_{ parallel} have several distinguishing features including large electric field amplitudes, a magnetic perturbation perpendicular to B0, high speeds ( approximately 0.3c) along B0, and sizes along B0 of tens of Debye lengths. These EHs have a significant center potential (Phi approximately k_{B}T_{e}/e), suggesting strongly nonlinear behavior nearby such as double layers or magnetic reconnection.

We show that observed spatial- and frequency-domain signatures of intense solar-wind Langmuir waves can be described as eigenmodes trapped in a parabolic density well. Measured solar-wind electric field spectra and waveforms are compared with 1D linear solutions and, in many cases, can be represented by 1-3 low-order eigenstates. To our knowledge, this report is the first observational confirmation of Langmuir eigenmodes in space. These results suggest that linear eigenmodes may be the starting point of the nonlinear evolution, critical for producing solar type II and type III radio bursts.

A theoretical model of weak electron phase-space holes is used to interpret bipolar field structures observed in space. In the limit ephi(max)/Te << 1 the potential of the structure has the unique form, phi(x) = phi(max)sech4(x/alpha), where phi(max) depends on the derivative of the trapped distribution at the separatrix, while alpha depends only on a screening integral over the untrapped distribution. Idealized trapped and passing electron distributions are inferred from the speed, amplitude, and shape of satellite waveform measurements of weak bipolar field structures.

The dynamic evolution of the boundary between the ionosphere and auroral cavity is studied using 1D and 2D kinetic Vlasov simulations. The initial distributions of three singly ionized species (H+, O+, e-) are determined from space-based observations on both sides of an inferred strong double layer. The kinetic simulations reproduce features of parallel electric fields, electron distributions, ion distributions, and wave turbulence seen in satellite observations in the auroral upward-current region and, for the first time, demonstrate that auroral acceleration can be driven by a parallel electric field supported, in part, by a quasistable, strong double layer. In addition, the simulations verify that the streaming interaction between accelerated O+ and H+ populations continuously replenished by the double layer provides the free energy for the persistent formation of ion phase-space holes.

Kinetic 1D simulations reveal that a weak density depression in a current-carrying plasma can lead to the formation of a strong potential ramp (double layer). The ramp and plasma turbulence it creates share many features with recent particle and field measurements in the auroral ionosphere. An electron beam accelerated by the ramp produces a series of propagating electron phase-space holes via a spatial two-stream instability. Electron heating associated with the formation and merging of these holes is found to influence the subsequent evolution of the potential ramp.

We report direct measurements of parallel electric fields related to particle acceleration in a collisionless space plasma. The electric field is that of a monotonic potential ramp localized to approximately 10 debye lengths along the magnetic field. Electrons accelerated by the parallel electric field are accompanied by intense electrostatic waves and nonlinear structures interpreted as electron phase-space holes.

Two-dimensional simulations of beam-driven turbulence in the auroral ionosphere have shown the formation and instability of phase-space tubes. These tubes are a generalization of electron phase-space holes in a one-dimensional plasma. In a strongly magnetized plasma, such tubes vibrate at frequencies below the bounce frequency of the trapping potential. A theory for these vibrations yields quantitative agreement with kinetic simulations. Furthermore, the theory predicts that the vibrations can become unstable when resonantly coupled to electrostatic whistlers-also in agreement with simulations.