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In this commentary, the authors discuss the implications of A. S. Green, E. Rafaeli. N. Bolger, P. E. Shrout, and H. T. Reis's (2006) diary studies with respect to memory. Researchers must take 2 issues into account when determining whether paper-and-pencil or handheld electronic diaries gather more trustworthy data. The first issue is a matter of prospective memory, and the second is a matter of reconstructive memory. The authors review the research on these issues and conclude that regardless of the type of diary researchers use, several factors can conspire to produce prompt--but inaccurate--data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors applaud A. S. Green, E. Rafaeli, N. Bolger, P. E. Shrout, and H. T. Reis's (2006) response to one-sided comparisons of paper versus electronic (plastic) diary methods and hope that it will stimulate more balanced considerations of the issues involved. The authors begin by highlighting areas of agreement and disagreement with Green et al. The authors review briefly the broader literature that has compared paper and plastic diaries, noting how recent comparisons have relied on study designs and methods that favor investigators' allegiances. The authors note some sorely needed data for the evaluation of the implications of paper versus plastic for the internal and external validity of research. To facilitate evaluation of the existing literature and assist in the design of future studies, the authors offer a balanced comparison of paper and electronic diary methods across a range of applications. Finally, the authors propose 2 study designs that offer fair comparisons of paper and plastic diary methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary discusses 4 issues relevant to interpretation of A. S. Green. E. Rafaeli, N. Bolger, P. E. Shrout, and H, T. Reis's (2006) article: (a) Self-reported compliance in medical settings has generally been substantially higher than verified compliance, suggesting that this is not a rare phenomenon; (b) none of the studies reported in Green et al. explicitly verified paper diary compliance; (c) the impact of participant motivation on diary compliance is unknown, and it may be difficult for researchers to accurately assess it in their own studies; and (d) without objective verification of diary compliance, analysis of the effects of noncompliance on data quality is difficult to interpret. The authors conclude that compliance in paper diaries and the effects of noncompliance on data quality are still unsettled issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors review commentaries by J. E. Broderick and A. A. Stone (2006); H. Tennen, G. Aftteck, J. C. Coyne, R. J. Laden. and A. DeLongis (2006); and M. K. T. Takarangi, M. Garry, and E. F. Loftus (2006) on their original article (A. S. Green. E. Rafaeli. N. Bolger, P. Shrout, & H. T. Reis. 2006). The authors were pleased to find more agreement than disagreement regarding the choice of methods for conducting diary studies. It is clear that continued critical evaluation of all diary methods, both paper and plastic, is warranted. However, on the basis of their initial findings, the authors conclude that paper diaries are still likely to have a valuable place in researchers' toolboxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of e-Health technologies for purposes of both assessment and intervention has recently become an interest area in pediatric psychology. The purpose of this study is to present psychometric characteristics of a technology-based (i.e., tablet administration) approach for measuring quality of life (QOL) in children. Eighty children (8-12 years) completed the Quality of Life Systemic Inventory for Children (QLSI-C) twice over a 2-week delay, in a crossover design that used paper and tablet-based modes of administration. Equivalence of scores across methods was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), augmented by paired t test and Pearson's correlations. Test-retest reliability was assessed using paired t test and Pearson's correlations while internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. Results showed a good concordance across methods of administration (ICCs = .72 to .91; r = .56 to .83). Paired t test showed no significant differences between the tablet and paper version of the QLSI-C. Internal consistency reliability yielded acceptable Cronbach's alphas for all QLSI-C scores, with all α > .70. Test-retest reliability for the tablet-administered QLSI-C was good (r = .66 to .90). Paired t test showed no significant difference between Time 1 and 2 for the QLSI-C scores, except for the state score. Findings established the reliability of the tablet-administered QLSI-C scores. This technology approach to assessment is more attractive for children, decreases time for administration, and enhances the ease of scoring. These advantages might encourage both clinicians and researchers to consider using e-Health developments in assessment in pediatric psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to research conducted with nondisabled samples, little is known about the relation between mental health and physical activity (PA) in individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite this population being more at risk of experiencing anxiety and depression and less likely to engage in PA, few studies have investigated other factors that may impact this association in this population such as anxiety sensitivity (AS). AS is a fear of physiological arousal sensations, and importantly has been shown to be negatively associated with PA in people without disabilities. It is unknown if the changes to how one experiences physiological sensations after a SCI impacts the relation between AS and PA. Objective: This study investigated which forms of PA are predicted by anxiety and depression and whether AS is predictive of PA in this population. Research Method: 98 participants with a SCI (both paraplegia and tetraplegia) completed an online questionnaire that had measures of PA, AS, and anxiety and depression. Results: It was found that symptoms of anxiety were significantly associated with mild-intensity PA. Interestingly AS was positively associated with moderate-intensity PA. Conclusions: The results of this study show that the relation between mental health and PA in this sample may not mirror what has been found in people without disabilities. More research is needed to replicate these findings as well as to investigate other potential mechanisms that may be relevant for people with a SCI. Impact and Implications: The results of this paper provide important insights into the association between physical activity and mental health for people with a spinal cord injury (SCI). The results of this paper suggest that research looking at this association in people who do not have disabilities may not be generalizable to people with a SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy is given to a psychologist who has made a distinguished empirical and/or theoretical contribution to research in public policy, either through a single extraordinary achievement or a lifetime of work. This contribution may consist of such factors as research leading others to view specific national policies differently; research demonstrating the importance of the application of psychological methods and theory to public policy; or research clarifying the ways in which scientific knowledge of human behavior informs public policy. The 2020 recipients of the APA Awards for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy were selected by the 2019 Committee on Psychology in the Public Interest Awards. For over 40 years, Gary Wells has led the scientific study of eyewitness identifications, system problems, and solutions. In 1998, at the request of the U.S. attorney general, Wells joined a Department of Justice working group of police, prosecutors, and researchers, which produced a transformative Guide for Law Enforcement. Wells is also lead author of an APA Division 41 white paper, the first in its history. This white paper was revised and published in 2020. Over the years, Wells has worked tirelessly with policymakers, practitioners, and news media to advocate for the kinds of reforms that prevent wrongful convictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we take a big picture perspective on work design research. In the first section of the paper we identify influential work design articles and use scientific mapping to identify distinct clusters of research. Pulling this material together, we identify five key work design perspectives that map onto distinct historical developments: (a) sociotechnical systems and autonomous work groups, (b) job characteristics model, (c) job demands-control model, (d) job demands-resources model, and (e) role theory. The grounding of these perspectives in the past is understandable, but we suggest that some of the distinction between clusters is convenient rather than substantive. Thus we also identify contemporary integrative perspectives on work design that build connections across the clusters and we argue that there is scope for further integration. In the second section of the paper, we review the role of Journal of Applied Psychology ( JAP ) in shaping work design research. We conclude that JAP has played a vital role in the advancement of this topic over the last 100 years. Nevertheless, we suspect that to continue to play a leading role in advancing the science and practice of work design, the journal might need to publish research that is broader, more contextualized, and team-oriented. In the third section, we address the impact of work design research on: applied psychology and management, disciplines beyond our own, management thinking, work practice, and national policy agendas. Finally, we draw together observations from our analysis and identify key future directions for the field. (PsycINFO Database Record, ((c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).)

We review 100 years of research on performance appraisal and performance management, highlighting the articles published in JAP, but including significant work from other journals as well. We discuss trends in eight substantive areas: (1) scale formats, (2) criteria for evaluating ratings, (3) training, (4) reactions to appraisal, (5) purpose of rating, (6) rating sources, (7) demographic differences in ratings, and (8) cognitive processes, and discuss what we have learned from research in each area. We also focus on trends during the heyday of performance appraisal research in JAP (1970-2000), noting which were more productive and which potentially hampered progress. Our overall conclusion is that JAP's role in this literature has not been to propose models and new ideas, but has been primarily to test ideas and models proposed elsewhere. Nonetheless, we conclude that the papers published in JAP made important contribution to the filed by addressing many of the critical questions raised by others. We also suggest several areas for future research, especially research focusing on performance management. (PsycINFO Database Record, ((c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).)

Although the field of professional psychology has definitive evidence that therapy is effective, we do not yet have a good understanding of how therapy works or what makes it so effective. Although hundreds of research studies have been conducted on various aspects of psychotherapy, including client factors and outcome, in the current paper we argue that a key' component of the psychotherapy enterprise that warrants additional empirical attention is the client. We readily acknowledge the need for researchers to continue to examine other aspects of psychotherapy, such as therapist factors, the therapy relationship, and the effectiveness of certain therapies or interventions for specific psychological conditions and problems. However, we believe that by pursuing research questions from the perspective of the client that we might be able to better understand clients' experience in therapy and ways to tailor therapies and interventions to clients, uncover evidence about what actually engages and motivates the client, and gain a broader perspective about the nature of the therapy relationship. In the current paper we highlight fruitful areas for client-focused research, and within each area, we propose research questions that might stimulate further thinking and future empirical inquiries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a citation for Gregory Daniel Webster, who received the Psi Chi/APA Edwin B. Newman Graduate Research Award "for an outstanding research paper whose findings report that APA journal articles became shorter in length after the year 2000." A brief profile and a selected bibliography accompany the citation. ((c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: In the current paper, we sought to clarify when and why Asian Americans/Canadians and European Americans/Canadians differ in self-consistency (the consistency of personality traits across situations).Method: European Canadian (n = 220) and second-generation Asian Canadian (n = 166) undergraduates (Mage = 19 years) described the traits they expressed and the traits others wanted them to express (i.e., injunctive norms, or injunctions) in four different social situations (i.e., with parents, with friends, with siblings, and with professors).Results: Self-consistency was greater among European Canadians than Asian Canadians, but only when comparing behavior with parents versus with peers (i.e., friends and siblings). The same pattern was found for injunctive consistency (cross-situational consistency of trait injunctions). Injunctions strongly predicted the behavior of both Asian and European Canadians, but because the injunctions from parents versus peers diverged more for Asian Canadians, so did their behaviors. Controlling for the effect of inconsistent injunctions across situations eliminated the ethnic difference in self-consistency. Finally, Asian Canadians who perceived their immigrant parents as embracing a Canadian identity were as cross-situationally consistent as European Canadians because they tended to behave-and believe their parents approved of their behaving-with parents similarly to how they behaved with peers (e.g., more carefree and outspoken).Conclusion: Contrary to previous theorizing, cultural influences on broad cognitive or motivational dispositions (e.g., dialecticism, collectivism) alone cannot explain the observed pattern of ethnic differences in consistency. To understand when bicultural individuals are less consistent across situations also requires an understanding of the specific situations across which they tend to encounter divergent social norms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the research literature on gambling is not small, very little of it comes from a behavior-analytic perspective. Behavior analysis has much to contribute to the understanding of gambling behavior and the factors that promote and maintain it. However, a tremendous amount of research needs to be done. A behavioral model for gambling behavior by Weatherly and Dixon (2007) published in a new behavior-analytic journal devoted to the study of gambling behavior is a start. The present paper outlines some of the assumptions of Weatherly and Dixon's model, as well as the larger literature, so as to identify avenues of future research. Suggested research areas include delay and probability discounting, the role of verbal behavior in the maintenance of gambling, and behavioral treatments for problem gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the majority of research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been completed with boys as the predominate participants in study samples. Over the past decade there has been increased attention focused on the characteristics and needs of girls with ADHD. Although much of the research comparing boys and girls with ADHD indicates that both experience significant symptoms and impairment, a growing body of study suggests some important gender differences. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the findings of research examining girls with ADHD and highlight key characteristics that can inform clinical practice. A case study is presented to illustrate the unique pattern of symptoms, associated problems, and functional impairment for girls with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined 3-year-olds' explanations for actions of theirs that were premised on a false belief. In Experiment 1, children stated what they thought was inside a crayon box. After stating "crayons," they went to retrieve some paper to draw on. Children were then shown that the box contained candles and were asked to (a) state their initial belief and (b) explain their action of getting paper. Children who were unable to retrieve their false belief were unable to correctly explain their action. Experiments 2 and 3 ruled out several alternative interpretations for these findings. In Experiment 4, children planned and acted on their false belief. Again, children who were unable to retrieve their false belief were unable to correctly explain their action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Recovery Self-Assessment (RSA) is a reliable and valid tool used to measure recovery-oriented services. Recent studies, however, suggest that the length and reading level of the RSA makes its routine use in service settings difficult. Recognizing the importance of including people with lived experience of a mental health challenge in research processes and the need to enhance the utility of tools that measure recovery-oriented services, this paper describes an innovative researcher-peer provider consultant multistep process used to revise the provider version of the RSA to create a new instrument-- the Recovery-Oriented Services Assessment (ROSA). Methods: The authors conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal axis factoring extraction and direct oblimin rotation to evaluate the underlying structure of the provider RSA using data from mental health employees (n = 323). To triangulate the findings of the EFA, quantitative and qualitative data were collected from peer provider consultants (n = 9) on the importance of and language of RSA items. Results: EFA results indicated that a 1-factor solution provided the best fit and explained 48% of the total variance. Consultants triangulated EFA results and recommended the addition of 2 items and language revisions. These results were used to develop the ROSA--a 15-item instrument measuring recovery-oriented services with accessible language. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Two versions of the ROSA were developed: a staff version and a people-in-services version. The ROSA may provide organizations with a more accessible way to measure the extent to which their services are recovery oriented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DSM-5 presents an Alternative Model for Personality Disorder (AMPD) recommending the assessment of impairments in core personality functions as well as clinically relevant personality traits. Although a self-report assessment instrument has been provided corresponding to the trait model proposed in the AMPD, no comparable instrument provides a direct assessment of the specific indicators of core personality functions described in that model. The goal of this paper is to provide preliminary reliability and validity data for a measure that directly corresponds to core personality pathology as operationalized in the AMPD. Self-report questions were generated to capture each diagnostic indicator provided in the Level of Personality Functioning Scale, a clinician rating guide provided in the AMPD that describes characteristic impairments in identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy at 5 different levels of personality functioning. These questions were administered to a community sample of 306 participants, with the resulting scale examined for internal consistency, unidimensionality, and concurrent validity with 4 other self-report measures of global personality dysfunction. Items representing the 4 subcomponents of personality dysfunction were found to manifest high degrees of internal consistency, and were highly related to each other, supporting the AMPD contention that these core dysfunctions reflect a single dimension of personality dysfunction. Correlations with concurrent validity measures were large, with associations at the global level of dysfunction often exceeding .80. The developed instrument is reprinted in the supplementary materials, with the goal of encouraging additional refinement and development by other investigators as part of the call for additional research on the AMPD. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper is a report on a study exploring a potential typology of primary care patients referred for integrated behavioral health care (IBHC) services. We considered whether primary care patients could be grouped into meaningful clusters based on perceived need for behavioral health services, barriers to accessing care, and past-year service utilization. We also described the development of a working partnership between our university-based research team and a federally qualified health center (FQHC).Method: A total of 105 adult primary care patients referred for same-day behavioral health appointments completed a brief self-report questionnaire assessing past-year behavioral health concerns, service utilization, and perceived barriers to utilization.Results: Hierarchical and k-means cluster analyses revealed 3 groups: (a) Well-Served patients, characterized by high perceived need for services, high service use, and low barriers to service use (40%); (b) Underserved patients, characterized by high perceived need, low service utilization, and high barriers to service use (20%); and (c) Subclinical patients, characterized by low perceived need, low service use, and low barriers to service use (20%). Clusters were reliably differentiated by age, primary language, insurance status, and global functioning.Discussion: We found primary care patients could be grouped into 3 categories and that 60% (Underserved and Subclinical) represented groups less commonly seen in traditional mental health (MH) settings. IBHC may be a promising approach for extending the reach of MH care, and partnerships between FQHCs and university-based research teams may be a promising approach for conducting research on the IBHC service-delivery model. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A practice embarks on a radical reformulation of how care is designed and delivered when it decides to integrate medical and behavioral health care for its patients and success depends on managing complex change in a complex system. We examined the ways change is managed when integrating behavioral health and medical care.Method: Observational cross-case comparative study of 19 primary care and community mental health practices. We collected mixed methods data through practice surveys, observation, and semistructured interviews. We analyzed data using a data-driven, emergent approach.Results: The change management strategies that leadership employed to manage the changes of integrating behavioral health and medical care included: (a) advocating for a mission and vision focused on integrated care; (b) fostering collaboration, with a focus on population care and a team-based approaches; (c) attending to learning, which includes viewing the change process as continuous, and creating a culture that promoted reflection and continual improvement; (d) using data to manage change, and (e) developing approaches to finance integration.Discussion: This paper reports the change management strategies employed by practice leaders making changes to integrate care, as observed by independent investigators. We offer an empirically based set of actionable recommendations that are relevant to a range of leaders (policymakers, medical directors) and practice members who wish to effectively manage the complex changes associated with integrated primary care. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) website provides a data collection platform with quick and inexpensive access to diverse samples. Numerous reports have lauded MTurk as capturing high-quality data with an epidemiological sample that is more representative of the U.S. population than traditional in-person convenience samples (e.g., undergraduate subject pools). This benefit, in combination with the ease and low-cost of data collection, has led to a remarkable increase in studies using MTurk to investigate phenomena across a wide range of psychological disciplines. Multiple reports have now examined the demographic characteristics of MTurk samples. One key gap remains, however, in that relatively little is known about individual differences in clinical symptoms among MTurk participants. This paper discusses the importance of assessing clinical phenomena in MTurk samples and supports its assertions through an empirical investigation of a large sample (N = 1,098) of MTurk participants. Results revealed that MTurk participants endorse clinical symptoms to a substantially greater degree than traditional nonclinical samples. This distinction was most striking for depression and social anxiety symptoms, which were endorsed at levels comparable with individuals with clinically diagnosed mood and anxiety symptoms. Participants' symptoms of physiological anxiety, hoarding, and eating pathology fell within the subclinical range. Overall, the number of individuals exceeding validated clinical cutoffs was between 3 and 19 times the estimated 12-month prevalence rates. Based on the current findings, it is argued that MTurk participants differ from the general population in meaningful ways, and researchers should consider this when referring to this sample as truly representative. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines require that all psychologists be trained to integrate science and practice in their work. The majority of psychologists have been trained in a scientist-practitioner model to both utilize and produce scientific research. However, the day-to-day integration of research and clinical practice is rare for most psychologists. Changes in the health care system, increased emphasis on evidence-based practices, diminished funding for psychosocial research, and decreases in tenure track faculty positions mean that new models are needed for both clinical practice and research productivity. Although this rapidly changing professional landscape poses significant challenges, these changes may also create new opportunities to fulfill the ideal of an integrated psychological science. Some fee-for-service settings could be restructured based on social business models to promote research productivity among clinicians, improve clinical outcomes, and provide a new home for psychological researchers who would like their work to be more connected to the applied aspects of their science. In this paper, we outline some of the reasons why, to this point, psychosocial research has never occurred in a robust fashion in private fee-for-service settings. We then outline some potential ways of overcoming barriers to conducting research outside of academia, including how to carve out and fund dedicated research time within a clinical practice setting. Finally, we provide a case example of a new business model to support this research, called the clinical-research social business model, in which profits from the income-generating activities of the business serve as a stable, internal funding source for in-house research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their paper, Burge et al. (2014) describe an innovative methodology for studying real-time antecedents to intimate partner violence (IPV), as well as the methods employed to ensure the safety of research participants. Over a 12-week timespan, 200 women in moderately violent relationships were asked to make daily phone calls, using a password-protected, interactive voice response system, to provide information about new violence and abuse, and the circumstances that surrounded it. The article details the many safety procedures employed. The authors report that only 2 women were withdrawn from the study for safety reasons. In addition, in post-participation interviews, many participants reported on the increased safety they experienced as a result of participating in the study. These results are discussed in the commentary as part of a growing trend that shows that studies that have well-designed safety procedures in place may actually constitute a kind of inadvertent but effective intervention for abuse survivors in healthcare settings. Implications of such procedures for continued research development in this area, as well as for designing and evaluating innovative health care-based IPV interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1912, Max Wertheimer published his paper on phi motion, widely recognized as the start of Gestalt psychology. Because of its continued relevance in modem psychology, this centennial anniversary is an excellent opportunity to take stock of what Gestalt psychology has offered and how it has changed since its inception. We first introduce the key findings and ideas in the Berlin school of Gestalt psychology, and then briefly sketch its development, rise, and fall. Next, we discuss its empirical and conceptual problems, and indicate how they are addressed in contemporary research on perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. In particular, we review the principles of grouping, both classical (e.g., proximity, similarity, common fate, good continuation, closure, symmetry, parallelism) and new (e.g., synchrony, common region, element and uniform connectedness), and their role in contour integration and completion. We then review classic and new image-based principles of figure-ground organization, how it is influenced by past experience and attention, and how it relates to shape and depth perception. After an integrated review of the neural mechanisms involved in contour grouping, border ownership, and figure-ground perception, we conclude by evaluating what modem vision science has offered compared to traditional Gestalt psychology, whether we can speak of a Gestalt revival, and where the remaining limitations and challenges lie. A better integration of this research tradition with the rest of vision science requires further progress regarding the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is the focus of a second review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article by Malkova, Mishkin, Suomo, and Bachevalier (2010, this issue) adds an important piece to our understanding of the role of the medial versus lateral temporal regions in socioemotional behavior. In their paper, they evaluate the effect of infant and adult amygdala lesions and infant inferotemporal cortex lesions on the social interactions of monkeys in infancy and adulthood. The results show that medial temporal lesions performed in infants produce greater effects on socioaffective behavior than similar lesions in adulthood and that infant monkeys with iriferotemporal lesions exhibit social deficits that are resolved by adulthood. These results are relevant to three significant issues: (1) the role of the medial temporal and lateral temporal cortex in the symptoms of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome; (2) the role of age at injury in behavioral change after cerebral injuries; and (3) the importance of lesion locus and behavioral measure for recovery from infant and adult cerebral injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster mental health is a burgeoning field with numerous opportunities for professional involvement in preparedness, response, and recovery efforts, Research is essential to advance professional understanding of risk and protective factors associated with disaster outcomes; to develop an evidence base for acute, intermediate, and long-term mental health approaches to address child, adult, family, and community disaster-related needs; and to inform policy and guide national and local disaster preparedness, response, and recovery programs. To address the continued need for research in this field, we created the Child and Family Disaster Research Training and Education (DRT) program, which is focused specifically on enhancing national capacity to conduct disaster mental health research related to children, a population particularly vulnerable to disaster trauma. This paper describes the structure mad organization of the DRT program, reviews the training curriculum, discusses implementation and evaluation of the program, and reviews obstacles encountered in establishing the program. Finally, key lessons learned are reviewed for the purpose of guiding replication of the DRT model to address other areas of community mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People from around the globe rely on the Internet for daily use in a variety of ways from downloading information and staying connected with friends and family to collecting data for research purposes. Although the authors have seen rapid growth in access to the Internet among multicultural populations, some groups are still far behind. In particular, those with most limited access include non-English- speakers and low-income and working-class individuals in general. This paper discusses the use of the Internet as a research tool with culturally diverse populations with a focus on two specific purposes: The Internet as a tool to collect information about participants (e.g., survey research, qualitative and descriptive research, and needs assessment); and the Internet as an intervention tool in itself (e.g., intervention research and participatory research). The authors will discuss issues and challenges of using the Internet as a research tool and provide recommendations for using the Internet with culturally diverse populations in a culturally competent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper chronicles the effects of a traumatic event on a tenure-track professor's teaching, research, and service in developmental psychology. Lessons learned from the experience integrating relevant literature on coping and mental health are discussed. Adjustment posttrauma is examined in terms of self-care and coping, community involvement (academic and urban), personal expectations, identity, and long-term consequences. The manuscript ends with a brief discussion of the role of academia and psychology-related disciplines in helping individuals and communities experiencing traumatic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the supply and demand imbalance from a scientist-practitioner perspective, emphasizing competency development. A conceptual framework, the Stairway Model, illustrates the basic steps leading to emerging professional competence and stimulates research leading to thoughtful solutions to the internship match imbalance. Three immediate recommendations are offered. Doctoral programs should be (a) held accountable for their match rates, and (b) required to publicly disclose program and national match rates. Third, research must be conducted to determine factors that influence match rate and competency development. Concerns with other commonly proposed solutions are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined the combined moderating effects of cognitive ability and social support on the relation between race-related stress and quality of life in a sample of Black Americans. Participants (N 323) were administered the Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT; E. F Wonderlic Associates, Inc., 1983), the Multidimensional Social Support Scale (MDSS; Winefield, Winefield, & Tiggemann, 1992), the Index of Race-Related Stress-Brief (Utsey, 1999), and the WHOQOL-BREF (The WHO Group, 1998). The findings indicated that cognitive ability and social support, conjointly, moderated the relation between individual and cultural race-related stress and quality of life for Black Americans in the current sample. The paper concludes by discussing the study's findings, limitations, and by offering recommendations for future research related to this area of inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an experience in the exchange of information between researchers and practitioners, where conditions favorable to knowledge exchange were systematically documented. Conditions related to the organization proved to be the most determining, as did the quality and intensity of communication between the actors. This communication process is enhanced by characteristics related to practitioners and researchers. However, the well-established boundaries between the practitioners and the researchers, fueled by distinctive rules of practice, remain a major issue. Knowledge brokerage, effective reporting skills, and adapted, well-focused feedback could help to bring together the researchers and their partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviewed 402 empirical research papers published during 1999 in 9 American Psychological Association journals from the perspective of the Personal Dimensions of Identity (PDI) model. Descriptions of participants were reviewed to determine whether researchers reported information concerning Dimensions A, B, and C of the PDI model. PDI A and B Dimensions of age, gender, education, and geographic location were reported with the highest frequency: 88.56%, 89.30%, 78.50%, and 73.88%, respectively, whereas race/ethnicity was reported with moderate frequency, 60.70%. The remaining PDI A Dimensions of language, physical disability, sexual orientation, and social class, and the remaining B Dimensions of citizenship status, employment status, income, marital status, military experience, occupation, and religion, were reported in relatively low percentages of studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 1990 article in this journal, Prentky and Burgess examined cost-effectiveness of the rehabilitation of child molesters. Their estimates were based on the tangible costs of incarceration and particular recidivism rates. This paper extends those findings by estimating the intangible costs of child sexual abuse and a range of recidivism rates. The result is to focus greater attention on the efficacy of treatment programs and the potential economic damage done to children by child molesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigated whether contextual failures in schizophrenia are due to deficits in the detection of context or the inhibition of contextually irrelevant information. Eighteen schizophrenia patients and 24 nonpsychiatric controls were tested via a cross-modal semantic priming task. Participants heard sentences containing homonyms and made lexical decisions about visual targets related to the homonyms' dominant or subordinate meanings. When sentences moderately biased subordinate meanings (e.g., the animal enclosure meaning of pen), schizophrenia patients showed priming of dominant targets (e.g., paper) and subordinate targets (e.g., pig). In contrast, controls showed priming only of subordinate targets. When contexts strongly biased subordinate meanings, both groups showed priming only of subordinate targets. The results suggest that inhibitory deficits rather than context detection deficits underlie contextual failures in schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinematic techniques determined the nature of any age-related changes in the fluency of handwriting movements and also the extent to which any changes can be related to a differential utilization of visual feedback. To quantitatively document the kinematics of handwriting movements, 24 young and 24 older adults were compared by having them write simple cursive letter ls 4 times on a graphics tablet, under 4 different visual conditions (no vision, non inking pen, inking pen, and lined paper). Pen tip position was sampled at 200 Hz, from which kinematic indexes of movement efficiency and consistency were derived. Quantitative differences in movement trajectories were found in the older adults, who produced less efficient movements with a concomitant increased utilization of external visual cues. Older adults made a differential use of visual feedback to modify movement trajectories, rather than to control the effects of neural noise. Handwriting movements of older adults resembled only to a limited extent those of patients with Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper on authoritarianism and men's reactions to sexuality and kindness in women is presented. Respondents are 64 college males divided into high and low authoritarians. They were made to see a silent movie with two scenes, one sexual and the other, a beautiful woman. The high authoritarian group viewed the star as more sexual than kindly. Further, they split sexuality and emotions in heterosexual behavior to a substantially greater degree than was assessed by low authoritarians. As contrasted with the low authoritarian group, the high authoritarians were likely to form unfavorable impressions of the star in which kindness and sexuality were not combined in one person.

In this commentary, I summarize and embellish responses to the papers presented at the Festschrift by Drs. Tienari, O'Connor, and Rolland at the University of Rochester, September 2005. I do this under the rubric of ‘lessons learned’ attributed to Dr. Wynne (indicated in this article by italic type). My remarks include ideas from the designated responders to this session, Drs. Tom Campbell, Jeri Hepworth, and Susan McDaniel, as well as key points raised by attendees during the ensuing discussions. If the data and the theory are in conflict, the data win and the theory has to go. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an editorial from the new editor of the "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition," Thomas O. Nelson, in which he provides guidelines for authors who wish to submit research papers. Length of submissions; Turnaround time for editorial decisions; Significance of statistics in psychological research; Content of articles; How manuscripts should be submitted.

The author reacts to the paper "The Effect of Effort on the Attractiveness of Rewarded and Unrewarded Stimuli," by E. Aronson. Some of the experiment's subjects performed an effortful task and others a relatively effortless one. Aronson tested a hypothesis derived from L. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. The author claims that Aronson's findings with regard to the effortful condition did not coincide with his cognitive dissonance prediction. There was no change in the relative attractiveness of the two colors under study.

The present study explored the effects of a modified, intensive tact instruction intervention on the emission of spontaneous, or unprompted, mands and tacts during play in two typically developing, preschool siblings. Intensive tact instruction involved presenting each participant 100 opportunities per session to tact stimuli prior to engaging in play. Picture cards were used as the tacting stimuli, which varied across five categories and five sets. Participants were reinforced for correct tacting responses or were conversely corrected for inaccurate or omitted responses. When compared to baseline, both participants exhibited increase in spontaneous tacts following such instruction. Mands only increased slightly for one participant. This study adds to the research on the positive effect of using intensive tact instruction to help typically developing yet linguistically diverse children communicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various reports published within the issue including one by Kathy Dyer and Joanne Gerenser on research based models intended for teaching speech production, and another by Robert LaRue on the features of SLP-ABA related to functional communication training services.

Cognitive defusion procedures, as used in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), attempt to alter how an individual relates to negative thoughts (without challenging, disputing, or trying to change their content) so as to promote psychological flexibility, the key feature of the ACT model of adaptive functioning. The current study examined the efficacy of three, once weekly, sessions of cognitive defusion (CD) compared to a concurrent waitlist (WL) condition for university students reporting elevated distress, dysphoria, and low self-esteem. Participants (N = 22) were randomized to CD or WL, with the latter offered CD following their WL participation. The combined data from all those offered CD were also compared to a supportive therapy benchmark established from archival data. Intent-to-treat analyses showed large changes in distress, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, defused awareness of thoughts, psychological flexibility, and automatic thoughts favoring CD over WL. These effects were replicated when the WL group then received CD and persisted (or further improved) at 1-month follow-up. CD within-group effect sizes were also reliably larger than those derived from a comparable supportive therapy condition. That CD was associated with significant changes in both outcome and process variables is consistent with the existing literature and with the view that cognitive defusion techniques (particularly vocalizing strategies) represent an active component of ACT. Future research employing more stringent concurrent controls, clinical samples, and multi method assessments that allow for temporally sequenced tests of mediators is needed to more fully substantiate the effects of cognitive defusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punishment-based interventions are among the most controversial treatments in the applied behavior analysis literature. The controversy concerns both the efficacy and the ethics of punishment. Five hundred randomly selected members of the Association for Behavior Analysis were sent a survey concerning their views on the efficacy and ethics of punishment. Respondents were asked to agree or disagree with statements about punishment using a six-point Likert-style scale, and to answer several open-ended questions. Respondents exhibited marked variability in their attitudes toward punishment, but on several points, opinions appeared to converge. Demographic variables were found to relate to attitudes, and views on the efficacy of punishment predicted views on its ethical status. Implications of these findings for future research and applied practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher-order thinking is one of the defining characteristics of higher education, yet the rating of such behavior has been neither reliable nor valid. Recent research involving the use of categories has yielded relatively high inter-rater reliability, with nominal categories of behavior identified. The current study applies an ordinal-scale model of hierarchical complexity (MHC) to educational tasks. The initial results suggest that the MHC can be used to score questions with varying degrees of complexity and support, and that future research should concentrate on determining the reliability and validity of this scoring system for educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Model of Hierarchical Complexity provides the basis to introduce and define how task actions are sequenced. It is applied to organizational and institutional atmosphere and its develop-mental relationship with individuals. We define and discuss stages of development as well as contingencies in workplace settings. We explain how a particular workplace's atmosphere specifies contingencies. Research is introduced to illuminate the concepts. We characterize the hierarchical complexity of peoples' work and of organizations in which they work. Formal stage organizations are characterized by bureaucracy, and one-dimensional logically-understood regulations. Systematic stage organizations look to the purpose of regulations, balance multiple relationships to achieve goals. Metasystematic stage organizations value creativity over conformity. We propose that the hierarchical complexity of the contingencies that constitute a particular workplace atmosphere affects how the individuals within it behave. Individuals' stage of performance is described by the hierarchical complexity of the task demands and contingencies that they discriminate and prefer. "Power" is explained as the behavioral control of contingencies that distribute reinforcement and reinforcement opportunity. We discuss the role of power in setting favorable conditions that reinforce individuals' development. Preliminary results of this research indicate that workplace atmosphere typically places a ceiling on individual moral development rather than encouraging development to the highest stages. The concepts are applied to the future of institutions such as research universities and organizations. Many companies have short lives because they become less creative over time. Their present "successful" culture resists innovation. Research universities and start-ups are the exceptional organizations. Some of the new start-ups are organized using Metasystematic principles such as Google. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) has been found effective in treating a wide number of psychological conditions affecting adults. To date, however, little research has been done on the use of ACT with youth and parents. Few efforts have been made at summarizing the literature that does exist. This article, therefore, is a review of empirical and theoretical work with these populations. Online databases, ACT-related websites, and personal communication were used to collect information about published and unpublished, ongoing work. Recommendations for future research are also mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-subject design graphs are critical elements in displaying research results in applied behavior analysis. However, developing a graph that conveys the researcher's results as well as adheres to a manuscript preparation checklist are sometimes daunting experiences. This article is intended to provide the reader with a basic understanding of how to create a multiple baseline experimental design graph using Microsoft Excel™. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]