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Mass human rights violations, such as those which occurred during the Albanian Dictatorship (1945–1991), can impact citizens across generations. Decades later, the lives of families and community members are often defined by efforts to achieve justice and prevent similar future experiences. Existing research shows that social identities predict how survivors experience, understand, and cope with these violations. On the other hand, social identities can also inform societal-level strategies of peace and reconciliation in the aftermath. However, it is not known how ingroup norms (e.g., familial, civic) impact intergenerational understandings of and responses toward transitional justice. To explore this, we analyze the accounts of first-generation survivors of human rights violations during the Albanian Dictatorship and their descendants (n = 52). The data were analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis informed theoretically by the Social Identity Approach and conceptually by transitional justice frameworks. The findings indicate that families take a central role in determining how past harms are understood and responded to, and that associated identity-based norms (e.g., family norms) inform transmission of knowledge about past harms and appropriate forms of justice. Identity-based norms can also determine which justice processes are deemed acceptable for the next generation/s to engage in (e.g., peaceful responses, documentation of past harm, education of new generations, and fights for democracy). Implications for social identity and justice theories, as well as for practice, are discussed. Public Significance Statement: The present study suggests that family and civic social norms can guide intergenerational understanding and coping with mass human rights violations as well as responses to transitional justice processes (e.g., nonvengeance, documenting violations, democracy building) in the aftermath. As such, social norms should be integrated in the efforts for peace and reconciliation building. The findings also highlight the different benefits and harms of transmitting knowledge of the violations across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic crisis precipitated by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has placed considerable financial pressures on households across the world. These are compounded by the enforced isolation accompanying pandemic restrictions, during which individuals can struggle to access external assistance and often need to rely heavily on the social, emotional, and financial support of other family members. Previous research indicates that family financial stress has negative consequences for the mental health and well-being of members, but that heightened family identification can provide individuals with a stronger sense of collective financial resilience. In the present study, an online longitudinal survey of U.K. residents (N = 172) shows that, in summer 2020, the positive relationship between individuals' family identification and their well-being 1 month later was mediated by levels of perceived family financial efficacy and financial stress. These findings build upon existing evidence of the pivotal role of the family in financial well-being and suggest that supporting family units to cope with shared financial challenges may have psychological benefits over and above supporting individual family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rape is widely used as a weapon of war. Despite its prevalence and impact, war rape is rarely reported, partly because it is perceived as norm violating in the patriarchal societies within which it often purposely occurs (e.g., by violating the norm that women should remain chaste), leading to survivors being excluded from their families and communities. While this exclusion is well-documented in the immediate aftermath of war, little is known about its long-term effects on survivors, the strategies survivors use to overcome these effects, or the extent to which these effects and strategies are determined by societal norms and societal discourses. The present article addresses these gaps via two studies, focusing on rape that occurred during the Kosova War in 1998–1999. Study 1 analyzed the accounts of war-rape survivors (N = 18), showing that societal stigma associated with war rape had long-term negative effects on survivors' lives and that survivors' coping strategies involved focusing on other valued social norms and identities (e.g., motherhood) to reframe their self-image and enhance their self-worth. Study 2 analyzed Kosova's political parliamentary debates on legal recognition of war-rape survivors as war victims using a critical discursive approach. Analysis identified gendered discourses of victimhood and motherhood, which serve to rhetorically undermine women's agency, resilience, and independence. These arguments were used to legitimize the injustices that survivors endured. Findings from both studies suggest that wider societal gendered discriminatory practices have impacted survivors' experiences of war rape. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Public Significance Statement: The present study evidences the long-term impact of war rape and the strategies used by survivors to cope with and overcome the stigma associated with it. While survivors rely on their social identities to make sense and overcome the challenges they face, they also pay close attention to public discourses on war rape. This study illustrates how public discourses, such as parliamentary debates, can further contribute to societal discriminatory gender practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]