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Wound healing is a complex cascade reaction process which is frequently delayed or non-healed due to oxidative stress and persistent inflammation. As a natural antioxidant, pine pollen has potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. In this study, we demonstrated that pine pollen extract can promote collagen formation, angiogenesis, granulation tissue and hair follicles regeneration, and regulate inflammatory process. Moreover, pine pollen extract performed significantly better than control group in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features. In addition, the concentration of 1 mg/mL is more conducive to promote wound healing. These findings indicated that pine pollen extract has high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity which could speed up skin tissue regeneration and promote wound healing, being useful in regenerative medicine.

Infection after internal fixation of fractures is one of its most common complications, which can lead to delayed fracture healing, non-union of fractures and even bone infection and osteomyelitis, causing a heavy burden to patients’ families and society. In recent years, based on the concept of topical antimicrobial agents, scholars have proposed the method of antimicrobial coating on the material surfaces for internal fixation to treat and prevent postoperative infections associated with internal fixation. The antimicrobial mechanisms of surface coatings can be broadly classified into 3 categories, including antiadhesive coatings, silver (Ag) ion coatings, and antibiotic coatings. In this study, their advantages and disadvantages are described in detail to provide a novel insight and theoretical basis for the improvement of antimicrobial coatings in the future.