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A college education has well documented relationships with marriage patterns, including whom someone marries. These partnering patterns have important implications for individuals as well as society. High levels of educational homogamy concentrates (dis)advantage in couples, increasingly levels of inequality. While the implications of high levels of educational homogamy are clear, the components influencing who marries whom are less well understood. Among college graduates, the characteristics of the college attended are likely to play a role in structuring potential marriage markets, both during school and after graduation. The way colleges structure marriage markets, though, may also depend on the characteristics of any given student. In this paper, I examine whether and how college characteristics such as student body composition, selectivity, and distance from home are related to the likelihood of educational homogamy among college graduates. Additionally, I test whether these relationships differ between first- and continuing-generation college graduates. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, I find that the opposite-gender composition of a school is negatively related to the likelihood of marrying someone else with a college degree and that this negative relationship is stronger for first-generation students. I also find evidence that graduates of schools with higher acceptance rates and higher proportions of students receiving federal grant aid are more likely to marry someone with less than a bachelor's degree. While college characteristics do influence the likelihood of educational homogamy, they do little to explain observed differences between firstand continuing generation men and women's patterns of assortative mating. By examining social origin, college characteristics, and marriage outcomes together, this paper helps develop a more comprehensive understanding of their interrelationships and begins to move us closer to understanding both persistent social inequalities and potential pathways to social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a larger book project, tentatively titled, When Race Meets Class: Being African American in a Small-City High School. Since the summer of 2001, I have been following the lives of about 40 African American teenagers in a diverse small-city high school in the Northeast. The population of the city is approximately 60,000 with the racial breakdown of the student high school being approximately 20% black, 5% Hispanic, 4% Asian, and 70% white. Forty percent of the over 1600 high school students are eligible for free or reduced lunch. This paper focuses on three male high school students and traces their hopes, fears, and educational experiences. Through the voices of the teenagers themselves, various factors are put forward to shed light on understanding the longstanding and puzzling academic achievement gap between blacks and whites in high schools. In addition, this paper examines how the broader experience during the high school years influences not only educational outcomes but socioeconomic attainment as well. Theoretically this papers seeks to develop a deeper understanding of race in contemporary American society and persistent racial inequality that neither reduces race to class inequality nor conceptualizes race separate from what I call a racialized class structure. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an event-history analysis of recruitment into the communist elite in Soviet Russia between 1945 and 1991. Using life history data from Szelenyi and Treiman=s 1993 survey of Social Stratification in Eastern Europe, I replicate and extend Walder, Li, and Treiman=s (2000) paper showing distinct career paths into the Chinese urban elite for professionals and administrators by applying the Adual career paths@ model to Soviet Russia. In that country as in China, entry into administrative posts required both educational and political credentials while entry into professional positions required educational but not political credentials. Unlike China, however, differences between the two paths became less sharp over time due to the declining importance of party membership in the screening of administrators and the of tertiary education in the screening of professionals. Once a distinction is made among Soviet administrators between state and party officials, the directors of large enterprises, and the managers of small firms, one finds evidence of distinct career paths within the administrative elite, in particular a politicized path leading to positions within party and state apparatus in which candidates were screened for both political and educational credentials and a professionalized path leading to top managerial posts in economy in which candidates were screened strongly for educational but not political credentials and recruited from ranks of professionals. In contrast to China, therefore, meritocratic criteria appear to have penetrated more deeply into the recruitment of administrators during the Soviet period, with potential implications in regard to system collapse. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use labor market data on respondents from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) from 1979-2000 to study the role that occupational careers play in social mobility. A key contribution of our paper is a method to identify careers in longitudinal work history data. We use matched data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to construct a large number of 1-year panels, and we use this data to identify occupations that are linked by systematic patterns of mobility. We apply the results on linked occupations from the CPS to the work history data from the NLSY to calculate career tenure, and we estimate the effect of accumulated occupational and career tenure on wage growth. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the boundary between the beliefs and practices of fatherhood and the division between expectations of mothers and fathers. Confusion exists over the gap between attitudes towards fatherhood, which assert equal involvement, and the documented experiences of parenting, which consistently find that women continue to do more childcare than men. One explanation for fathers' inability to act out the doctrine of equal parenting is that mothers restrict men's involvement with their children. Evidence for this theory has been culled from mothers' accounts of parenthood and fathers' views of fatherhood while men's views on the significance of the mother-child relationship have been largely ignored. This paper rectifies the omission by exploring views of motherhood from the perspective of fathers and examining the rationale for gendered parenting. Drawing on qualitative research conducted with fathers in London, it is shown that these British fathers concur with the priority given to mothers, citing the importance of biology, and do not blame women for their unequal participation in childcare activities. It is therefore suggested that in order to explain developments (or their absence) in parenting behaviour the interlinkage between mothering and fathering needs to be recognised and taken seriously. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family ecology for adolescent development includes social capital resources, family activities and routines, parent-child relationships, and parenting styles. These aspects of family ecology systematically vary by demographic factors, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic resources, and parental family structure and the living arrangements of children. This paper first investigates how the family ecology of children with disabilities differ from that of children without disabilities, taking into account these other known factors. This paper then examines how the ecology of children differ by the disability status of their fathers and mothers. The paper uses data from the 1997 Cohort of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Children with disabilities experience family life equivalent to children without disabilities. They do not enjoy improved physical environments or social capital nor do parents compensate for their disabilities by enhanced parenting. Nor are they disadvantaged by less favorable family ecologies even though they may need additonal family resources. There is some evidence that fathers are more lenient than mothers of chldren with disabilties; mothers often interpret this is fathers doing to little to develop self-reliance among children. Mothers and fathers with disabilities are in many ways better parents as parents who do not have disabilities; these advantages mainly are associated with a stronger physical presence in the home. But some Fathers with disabilities withdraw from disciplining their children. Mothers only reduce their supervisory and disciplinary when they have a husband who is disabled, indicative of the gendered nature of caregiviing in American families. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rail systems and subways reside in the milieu of the two interrelated concepts, city as a spatial object and mobility as a spatial activity, providing the pretext for rethinking urban space under different processes of transformation. The aim of this paper is to analyze rail systems and subways as means of public transportation, and reconsider the above-mentioned dual threads in the context of recently established subway system in Istanbul, as shaping and changing the spatial configuration of the city. The paper also addresses the process of legitimation and re-shaping of these transformations through nationalist developmental discourses and images, which are often associated with reproducing unquestionable grand narratives of progress and modernization pronunciations. In the final part, the question of how discourses on the subway have the potential to open up spaces for local level resistance through reworking concepts of city and citizenship as opposed to nation is exemplified in the context of Istanbul Subway system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to examine how the demand of firms for prospective em-ployees equipped with particular skills and other characteristics affect status mobility between firms. We attempt to answer this question by analyzing how individual employment opportu-nities shape upward status mobility. Even though theoretical considerations and a few empiri-cal studies strongly suggest that individual career outcomes are much affected by structural opportunities, remarkably little is known about this process and whether it differs for men and women. This is due to the fact that both the conceptualization and measurement of labor-market opportunities still constitute pivotal problems of sociological labor-market research. Our paper contributes to this open research field by proposing a novel way of measuring la-bor-market structures. We propose an individual-level, time-dependent, and multidimensional measurement of labor demand. This enables us to examine the direct effects of macro struc-tural processes on individual labor market careers. Based on previous research, which shows remarkable gender variation in occupational mobility processes, we expect the consequences of structural change to be different for men and women. Our analyses are based on two data sets. The first provides annual occupation-level informa-tion on the number of advertised jobs (Swiss Job Advertisement Study). It serves to construct various time-dependent indicators for labor demand. The second data set provides monthly individual-level information on occupational careers of two birth cohorts (Swiss Life History Study). In order to examine our research question, we link these two data sets and run event history models. The results show that the likelihood for upward status mobility of Swiss men and women is indeed affected by changing labor demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical model of educational and occupational attainment is inadequate as a tool for comparative stratification research, for policy oriented studies of social mobility, and for normative discussions of social inequality because of three major shortcomings: (1) the ambiguity of interpretation of model parameters as representing the strength of ascription versus opportunity for achievement in a system of stratification; (2) the vulnerability of the model to specification bias and the resulting difficulty in fully specifying family background; and (3) the confounding of environmental and genetic influences in associations between explanatory variables and attainment outcomes in biological families. These problems can be remedied by using a behavior genetic model that separates genetic and environmental influences on attainment. This paper estimates a multivariate behavior genetic model of adolescent verbal IQ, grade point average, and college plans, using data from the AddHealth study on six types of adolescent sibling pairs living in the same household: MZ twins, DZ twins, full siblings, half siblings, cousins, and non-related siblings. The model estimates variance components due to genetic, common environment, and specific environment influences. Results show a large genetic component, a large specific environmental component, and a relatively small common environmental component for these adolescents in grades 7 to 12 in U.S. schools at the end of the 20th Century. The paper argues that the relative size of the genetic component (heritability) measures opportunity for achievement in a system of stratification, and that the relative size of the common environment (environmentality) measures the strength of social ascription. It follows that parameters of the behavior genetic model can be used to make consistent comparisons of mobility regimes, across social systems, historical periods, and social contexts, thereby realizing an unfulfilled goal of early students of social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a new data set, this paper analyzes how ascription as measured by race/ethnic characteristics is shaping the Peruvian contemporary class structure. I found that the impact of the race/ethnic dimension in social mobility is minor in comparison with the class aspect. It is more centered on the effect that the race/ethnic dimension has on the class position for the previous generations than for the more contemporary ones. However, differences in equality of opportunities between indigenous and whites are still present: ?Whites? are the ones that are experiencing the least stratification (less inheritance) and have fewer barriers to upward mobility. The case of the ?mestizos? will be presented as one of ?perverse openness? where increased relative mobility corresponds in this case with processes of downward mobility. This paper suggests that the race/ethnic and class stratification orders are then mixing together. Even though inequality of opportunities are still accounted by race/ethnic differences, these results would suggest that class stratification will probably completely replaced race/ethnic ones, when a lower impact of association between origin and destinations will happened for the future generations, due the intense processes of race and ethnic cultural transformation and the increase of ?mestizaje?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this theoretical proposal, I attempt to advance a concept of ethnic capital for the sociology of education and ethnicity/race. Ethnic capital refers to the set of social resources peculiar to an ethnic-minority community. Recently, the concept of ethnic capital has been used to analyze Bourdieusian capital and dispositions toward educational attainment and upward socioeconomic mobility ("success") within local-level coethnic communities (J. Lee and Zhou 2015, see also Bourdieu 2002) -- iconically, certain Asian American communities characterized by the intersection of high educational selectivity (Feliciano 2005; Portes and Rumbaut 2001; Sakamoto, Goyette, and C. Kim 2009) and by racialized representation as a "model minority" (Hsu 2015, S. S. Lee 2009, Ngai 2004, Osajima 2005, Tuan 1999, Wu 2015). In this paper, I review the explicit concepts of ethnic capital articulated mainly by sociologist of Asian America Min Zhou, and then argue for general common features of ethnic capital by drawing on scholarship of Asian Americans in school. I draw on this scholarship, in addition to sociological theory on culture and agency, to propose a concept of ethnic capital that defines it not as a set of static resources accessible only (or primarily) to a coethnic minority group, but as local-level cultural projects that produce tandem, partnered meanings about ethnicity/race and anticipated class trajectories. More specifically, I propose conceptualizing ethnic capital as a set of local-level "cultural workshops" where coethnic communities creatively attempt social reproduction by iteratively making and contesting meanings about ethnicity/race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. immigration law requires its consular officers in 157 countries each year to deny millions of short-term visitor visas to foreign nationals if they lack a strong socio-economic and social ties in their country of origin because of concerns such individuals will overstay their visas and immigrate. Previous researchers have sought to explain state-selectivity of migrants by 1) interviewing, and ethnographically observing how bureaucrats typify and select migrants (Bouchard 2000, Gilboy 1991, Infantino 2017, Satzewich 2015) or 2) comparing the demographic characteristics of immigrants to entire populations of non-migrants in countries of migrant origin (Feliciano 2005, Kapur 2010), most of whom may have not have any interest in entering the US territory. Neither approach has systematically examined what distinguishes those granted and those denied visas with raw data from nonimmigrant visa applicants, nor have they determined within the population of those that want to enter a country which can do so legally and which cannot. In this paper, I draw upon survey data I collected directly from 2397 nonimmigrant visa applicants exiting US consular bureaus in Beijing and Chengdu to show that the odds that they obtain a nonimmigrant visa to visit the US is not significantly or strongly associated with most socio-economic and social tie indicators as consulates and immigration law suggest but instead on positively indicators of cultural habitus (e.g. years of education, attendance at a selective school, years at current job, and the geographic scope of visas acquired) and an expressed interest in immigrating. I argue that such a cultural habitus enables the applicant to present the self in a way the officer feels encounters as relatable on the basis of homophily, undermining their task of keeping prospective immigrants out. This study contributes to our understanding of how cultural habitus is associated with legal nonimmigrant selectivity, limits to a government's capacity to control migration, and social mobility and inequality both between- and within migrant-sending and -receiving societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on interviews with families participating in a free and inclusive music education program, this paper explores the relationship between families' engagement in the organization, cross-class boundaries, culture and social mobility. The Nucleo Project, a branch of the global Sistema movement, offers a unique platform by which families can build their resources of social and cultural capital without the input of economic capital. I explore how form, content and context of the organization shape social processes such as network building and resource exchange among its participating families. Building upon the classic Bourdieusian delineation of the forms of capital, this study engages with theory from sociology of parenting, education, arts and culture, and integrates into the sociological tradition of inquiry into class stratification and inequality. The empirical findings of this investigation demonstrate that families increase their reserves of social and cultural capital by engaging with the organization, both through its formal structure and informal relationships. Despite including students from a range of class backgrounds, the program still disproportionately advantages a self-selecting subset of the population who share similar parenting values, and already predisposed to help their children succeed within the dominant structures of society. The distribution of such cultural norms in this case subverts the prevailing literature, which suggests that parenting values bisect the population by class position, providing a more complex picture of how inequality is operating that is linked more closely with beliefs and experiences around social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of intergenerational social mobility with respect to educational attainment and class position has been dominated for several decades by log-linear models, most prominently the socalled Unidiff a.k.a. Log Mutiplicative Layer Effect model. In this paper we argue that these models are not ideal when the goal is to evaluate how the general relevance of social origin changed in a society over time or differs between countries, because these models neglect important aspects of the marginal distribution. We propose an alternative methodology based on the Mutual Information Index (M-Index), that solves this problem and, at the same time, equips researchers with a much more flexible framework for modelling effects of social origin. Our arguments are illustrated by two brief empirical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial group in the United States that consists of over 20 national origin groups with distinctive ethnicity, language, religion, cultural practices, immigration history, and socioeconomic status and mobility patterns. Yet, heterogeneity and subsequent intra-group boundary formation among Asian Americans are seldom explored empirically until recently. This paper uses intermarriage, or marriage across group boundaries, to examine the relationship between intra-Asian ethnic heterogeneity and boundary formation. Intermarriage is studied through patterns in interracial and intra-Asian marriages. Intermarriage is a personal, micro-level social process that forges an intimate link between social groups, drawing a culturally accepted parameter between groups. Using the American Community Survey (ACS) and 2016 National Asian American Survey (NAAS) datasets I find that Asian intermarriage patterns reflect social and symbolic ethnoracial boundaries among Asian ethnic groups and between Asians and non-Asians, but only to a certain extent. These boundarycrossing patterns shown in Asian intermarriage patterns have important implications for their assimilation and racialization patterns as well as the group positioning of Asian Americans as a whole in the U.S. race relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing nearly forty years of transitional social change, China's labour study and its relation with social stratification and social mobility are highly related to increasing occupation differentiation and occupational skills division, that is, the way in which transitional occupational stratification has shaped the socio-economic status and subjective social status (SSS)1. This study examines the relationship by focusing on working class in transition we literally identify as "China's new working class" who are a large number of workers--employed and paid--occupy "unskilled or lower skilled work", namely CNWC2.This paper reveals a strong correlation among individual factors, original family's factors and CNWCs' SSS by using the path analysis modeling based on 2013 Chinese General Social Survey data3. The article argues that the most important influential factor is the "original family's social stratification status", however, the phenomenon of "education failure" is worth pondering. Through further investigation, CNWCs' SSS are characterized as upward and middle class identification with a rising trend during 2002-2022, however an obvious inner fragmented structure appears in CNWCs' SSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores both the micro and macro effects of intergenerational social mobility on individual preferences for immigration. A recent backlash against immigration has triggered a debate on whether those for whom status achievements lag behind expectations (i.e, the downwardly mobile) might be particularly intolerant towards migrants due to heightened feelings of subjective deprivation, economic competition and frustration. A related narrative is that opportunity structures might also matter for attitude formation. A context of high upward mobility expands opportunities for all and as such might promote more positive attitudes towards immigration. By contrast, in a context of high downward mobility opportunities for moving higher are limited and hence perceived deprivation, competition, and frustration might lead to more hostility towards immigrants, especially among the lower classes. We make use of the European Social Survey data (2002-2010) to shed light on these questions. We apply diagonal reference models (DRMs) that allow the effects of the mobility trajectory to be disentangled from origin class and destination class. Our results show that people that are in the working class and those that originate from a working class family backgrounds are less supportive of immigration. However, there is little evidence that intergenerational social mobility experience, at least in class terms, would have a particular influence on attitudes towards migration. Furthermore, we find little evidence in line with the narrative that blocked opportunities (i.e, low relative mobility rate) or downward mobility on a societal level are at the heart of attitudes towards immigration. We discuss potential alternative explanations, implications for theories of attitudes towards immigration and theories of social class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although access to housing is a right recognized by the U.S., in the current anti-immigration regime de jure and de facto policies impede undocumented immigrants and mixed-status families from accessing quality housing. Housing and living arrangements are signifiers of immigrants' social integration and generational social mobility. Previous studies have shown the role of social ties in helping immigrants' initial settlement processes and living arrangements. Trends show that Latina/o immigrants tend to share living arrangements upon arrival and with time in the U.S. families secure independent living spaces. Yet, little research has focused on ethnoracial differences among Latina/o immigrants' social integration processes. This paper utilizes in-depth interviews with Indigenous and non-Indigenous Latina/os and two years of participant observation to explore ethnoracial heterogeneity within Latin American immigrants' living arrangements and access to housing in Kansas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This proposal aims to analyze inequality through the scope of residential mobilities. Although it is absent from mobility studies, residential mobility accounts for two dimensions of inequality: both its social effects and the way it is produced. Studying residential mobility is a way to consider how micro-level decisions shape and are shaped by macro-level patterns of inequality. This paper asks if mobility does change anything to inequality or not. Relying on analysis of data from the Employment Survey in France from 2003 to 2011, this paper establishes that residential mobility is greatly determined by preexisting inequalities. The 2008-2009 economic crisis plays an important part in the link between residential mobility and inequality. Measurement of the positional consequences of residential mobility shows that it can be a powerful way to achieve upward social mobility. It also shows that it can coincide with downward social mobility. Modeling of the effects of mobility on employment and occupation reveals how important the distinction between mobility and immobility is to account for the dynamics of inequality. Over and above results on inequality itself, the paper concludes on how focusing on inequalities showed that residential mobility a fundamentally ambivalent social phenomenon that should be better integrated in sociological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 from 1979 through 2002 to explore whether spatial mobility is a mechanism through which veteran status influences social mobility. Controlling for a variety of factors at the individual, familial, and contextual levels, I ask whether veteran status and migration have primary and/or interactive effects on the likelihood of social mobility. The preliminary results presented here, using NLSY79 years 1996 through 2002, use a number of these factors to predict income with separate regressions estimated for black and white men. Results indicate that neither black nor white veterans' incomes differ, on average, from those of non-veterans, and that non-veteran migrants along enjoy income benefits to their migration, although these effects are only marginally significant. Factors other than veteran status and migration that influence income appear to vary by race. The final paper will use a more sophisticated methodological approach (either Event History Analysis or Hierarchical Modeling techniques) as well as all available years of data to more fully explore these relationships. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational attainment is widely viewed as a key determinant of social mobility in the US and across the world (Blau and Duncan, 1967, Shavit and Blossfed, 1993). The basic model of social stratification was simply based on social origins which were basically measured by parental educational and occupational statuses. Studies in the field of social stratification in the United States (US) reported that religion can be considered as a family background variable in the model of status attainment (Warren, 1970, Mueller, 1980) due to the fact that the values and achievement orientations would be differed across religious groups. Studies in the US reported significant advantages of Jewish on educational attainment compared to two other major religious groups: Protestants and Catholics (Steinberg, 1974). There was, however, not persistent advantage of either Protestant or Catholic religious group in education and social mobility. Comparisons between Protestants and Catholics yielded greater in educational achievement among Protestants than Catholics (Fox and Jacson, 1973, Roof, 1979). In contrast, Greeley (1976) reported higher educational achievement in some Catholic groups than Protestants. Recent studies found out that Catholics attained lower years of schooling than Buddhist religion or no religious group in Vietnam (Nguyen, 2000). However, there had not been any study to address systematically effects of religious affiliation on educational attainment across Southeast Asian countries where the majority of population was Buddhists. This paper addressed a comparative analysis of educational attainment based on religious background of individuals aged 25 and older using cohort analysis in five Southeast Asian countries: Cambodia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The data sets using in this analysis are individual country's micro census data collected in 1999 and 2000 . In order to compare effects of religion on educational attainment, religious affiliation, parental educational level and their occupation were coded into several broad categories across four countries. Of particular interest, the analysis was conducted by these keys religious groups in SEA: Buddhists, Christian/Catholics, Islam, and no religion. The paper had two key components: 1) descriptive analysis of religion affiliation in these countries and display the patterns of years of schooling completed across religious groups and birth cohorts in each country; and 2) multivariate analysis of determinants of background characteristics on educational attainment with focus on parental education and occupation, family size, family structure, and religious affiliation. The main purpose of this analysis was to discuss a causal link between religion and educational attainment and examine whether this relationship had changed across birth cohorts and gender. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the empirical validity of a theory on the emergence of trust proposed by Macy and Sato (2002). They argue that only moderate social mobility in a society gives its members opportunities to encounter strangers and to learn to trust them in a stable setting. Converting their theory into a hypothesis at the individual level- the level of trust of an individual is an inverted U-shaped function of the number of companies he/she has worked for (NUMCO)-, we test the hypothesis with the JGSS-2002 dataset. When NUMCO is used as the only independent variable in a logit regression model with trust as the dependent variable, the hypothesis is empirically verified. However, when income is added to the model, the coefficients of NUMCO become statistically insignificant, although they show a pattern expected from Macy and Sato's theory. We argue that this stems from the relationship between income and NUMCO, which suggests a new modification to their theory. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stuck in Motion:Low-Income Workers, Career Advancement and New Thoughts about Economic MobilityAbstractThe nature of the challenges confronting low-income workers who try to support their families through work casts doubt on the relevance of traditional theory for economic mobility and on the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms for career advancement based on that theory. To amplify and give "faces and voices" to this dilemma, this paper presents results from ethnographic research among a matched set of working parents and firms from a five-city, five-year research project. Findings suggest that traditional human capital and labor market mechanisms for career advancement no longer explain wage and promotion patterns and outcomes for many low-income workers, even those employed full-time year-round. Although high school completion and job training may lead to wage gain in the short run, type of occupation and firm, job-stay/job-change patterns, and promotion practices in firms converge with the new demography of workers to constrain advancement over the long run. At base, individual initiative, hard work, and "bootstraps" responsibility are not effective theoretically or practically for the economic mobility of today's low-income workers. In response, we draw from one strand of economic sociology to offer thoughts toward new theory for economic mobility that incorporate notions of dynamism, variability, and relational responsibility. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the role of race and ethnicity in the formation of suburban and urban residential contexts and their continuing effect on the composition of the urban and suburban landscapes. In order to determine both objective and subjective understandings of how the racial environment is constructed and organized, we suggest employing a multi-method analysis in which we use both census data to map a longitudinal pattern of social mobility and stasis in GIS software, as well as ethnographic observation and extended interviews with residents of various neighborhoods. Our intent is to reconcile the "abstract space," which is constructed through Census data and typically used to display general demographic and economic information for rational planning and public policy, with the "inhabited space" that is constructed through everyday living, understanding, and meaningful connectedness to a particular neighborhood. We believe this method will enable us to reveal new levels of actual and perceived integration and segregation among and between all ethnic groups, as well as new trends in ethnic and racial mobility that are currently shaping the urban landscape. In addition, this model will enable us to understand the impact of suburbanization, gentrification, and the increasing displacement of the urban underclass as macro level phenomena. This multi-method analysis enables us to better understand how spatial distinctions and racial characteristics shape residential patterns and social organization in order to concretely address issues of integration, assimilation, and racial pluralism of metropolitan spaces. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the debate about the impact of information technologies on the nature of jobs and consequently on the structure of the job market, there is growing evidence for differential impact, in the context of a segmented labor market. This paper probes information technology's impact on lower segments of the labor market, viewing technology as a socially-situated entity, rather than an immutable entity that is ahistoric or asocial. Attention the lower-segments is especially warranted because that is where most of the negative processes are documented such as deskilling, increased supervisory control, disempowering. Data from a specific research project as well as national statistics are considered. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the structure and degree of intergenerational educational mobility in cross-temporal and cross-national comparison. Educational mobility is defined as the change in educational status from parent to child. Drawing on the "International Adult Literacy Survey" (IALS), a large-scale comparative data set, the study looks at the pattern and level of educational mobility across twenty nations. Log-linear and log-multiplicative models for mobility tables are used to determine a meaningful aggregate measure of intergenerational educational mobility. In a last step, the degree of educational mobility is related to a range of institutional and macro-structural variables. Thus, this project not only aims at describing how educational mobility is shaped across nations but also interprets these patterns in relation to the institutional and structural conditions under which they appear. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we argue that having a large number of non-redundant friends-that is, friends who do not know each other-is conducive to upward mobility. We define friendship patterns using two quantities: the number of all friends and the density of ties among friends. Applying a job-mobility model, based on the utility anticipated from a possible new job, we test the hypothesis that social capital in the form of sparse networks, also known as networks with structural holes, positively stimulates upward mobility-above and beyond social characteristics traditionally used in status attainment research. On the basis of survey data gathered in Poland, we test social capital hypotheses pertaining to change in earnings during a five-year period, 1998-2003. Our results indicate that non-redundant ties among friends positively influence income attainment and upward mobility. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describe African American women's substance abuse in the Bedford Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn New York and how laundry day, provided me with more information about women in my neighborhood who were either substance abusers, in recovery, or both. Despite the many call for research to examine substance abuse's link with HIV/AIDS treatment programs, their "feenin" out weighs scientific efforts. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, Engels theorized the relationship between marriage, lineage, inheritance, and legitimacy. In this paper, I present evidence that strongly suggests that the family embodies another set of relationship, that is, relations between marriage, location of residence, old-age security, and filial obligations. In stark contrast to the concept of legitimacy, which largely corresponds to the relation between the current generation and the next generation, the notion of "filial obligations" regulates the relation between the current generation and the older generation. Marriage, therefore, serves a dual function in the Confucian framework: to minimize the number of inheritance plaintiffs, and to increase the number of potential old-age support providers. While the relationship Engels discusses implies that the status of the child be determined by the parent(s), the second set of relationships entails that the status of the parent(s) depends on the child. When these two sets of relationship converge in a singular family system, logically, there is mutual dependence and obligations between generations. Moreover, based on interview data with 37 Taiwanese immigrants, I show that there is a trade off - with greater intergenerational equality in the extended households, comes a decrease in gender equality. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing out of the debate surrounding the efficacy of white adoptive parents to facilitate racial identity development in their Black children, international adoptive parents are encouraged by a myriad of sources to transmit ethnic and cultural information to adopted children about their birth nations. While the majority of international adoptees are children of color, increasing numbers are white children are being adopted from Russia. The present paper, based on in-depth interviews with 19 U.S. adoptive mothers, examines adoption from Russia and asks: how do women with children adopted from Russia respond to the call to "keep culture" for internationally adopted children? How does the fact that these women share whiteness with their children shape their experiences? Using a Weberian descriptive type analysis, my research reveals that women with children from Russian employ three approaches to ethnicity (Multicultural, Kincentric, and Ambivalent), which are distinctly shaped by privilege. My analysis of these three approaches reveals the hidden contours of racial privilege by showing how the full enjoyment and expression of white ethnicity within the family, which has been an assumed benefit of middle class whiteness, is contingent not only on looking white but on appearing to be biologically related to one's child. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many sociologists study the family as an institution that primarily functions by parents socializing children. This preconception leads to studies on the effects of changing family structure, availability of resources, and parental gender dynamics on children. The sibling relationship is often overlooked. In-depth family relationship analyses, particularly amongst siblings, are left to psychologists. Therefore, the vast majority of sibling rivalry research comes from a paradigm that is highly ‘parent to child’ in nature, solely intra-familial and focused on the early years. In this paper, I focus on child-child relationships. I examine the nature and meaning of sibling rivalries with a focus on “sibship” lens. The main contribution is a peer status rivalry dimension, or constructed competition amongst siblings, not necessarily for parental attention or concrete family resources, but for the purpose of stratification in their external social world. This finding is linked to the role of social mobility and stratification in larger society. Applying a sociological perspective to this topic adds new depth and focus on the nature of sibling rivalries, as well as new insight to the role of the horizontal rivalry nuance within the family unit and larger society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between family level income inequality in one generation and occupational opportunity in the next generation. We analyze recent cohort trends in rates of social mobility for men and women, and analyze the potential role of income inequality within and between classes in explaining these recent trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas widespread homelessness has become prevalent and persistent in leading cities throughout the world, little is understood in terms of how individuals escape the condition. This paper analyzes the experiences of 14 persons attempting to exit homelessness using a transitional housing facility in Los Angeles. A multi-scalar approach is used to analyze the role of barriers and strategies operating at global, national, local, institutional, and individual scales. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is used to examine how these factors combine and interact to shape three housing outcomes-conventional housing, single room occupancy hotels, and rescue missions. Fewer barriers and more strategies result in housing with more privacy and autonomy. Barriers operating at scales from the global to individual, including a paucity of living wage employment opportunities and public income supplements, discrimination because of homeless status, conflicts with program staff, and drug relapses, shape pathways to the three housing outcomes. Various strategies, primarily operating at the institutional and individual scale such as good relationships with case managers, mental health care, and social capital, also shape housing outcomes. Understanding how barriers and strategies operate at multiple scales sheds light on the necessity of measures at various scales to facilitate moves out of homelessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 1950's to the 1970's, more than 17 million urban young students were sent to remote countryside and rural areas in China. In this Send-Down Movement, the Chinese state force showed tremendous power in social mobilization and organization. Using a theoretical framework of Interaction Ritual and Emotional Energy, this paper analyzes the social mobilization process of the Send-Down Movement and actors' retrospective evaluations for this historical event as well as their personal lives. Findings suggest that in the movement, sent-down youth took conflicting roles and identities. The state force, by multiple means invaded personal decision-making process and reordered the hierarchies of felt identities/roles, and finally boosted the social mobilization. As an important life event happening in early adulthood, the sent-down experiences greatly shaped individuals' life courses and alter their subsequent life events. In this course, the emotional energy cumulated over time, and contributed to actors' contradictory views on a certain historical episode: negative evaluations for the social movement and positive evaluations for personal life experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper has examined the psychological impacts of market reforms on men and women. Specifically, it has investigated the gender differences in psychological distress and level of happiness, and their association with exposure to life stressors and change in personal status. Data were collected in a sample survey in urban Shanghai in 2000. Our findings show no gender difference in exposure to life stressors, status change, and levels of distress and happiness. However, men and women have differential vulnerability to the stressors and status change. Women tend to be more distressed than men by life stressors, particularly family-related stressors. However, life stressors negatively affect men?s life happiness. Further, status change does not induce distress among men and women but affects the level of happiness. Status change, regardless of direction, would make women unhappy but only downward social mobility would make men unhappy. Selected sociodeomographic variables, including employment status and education, also have differential effects on men?s and women?s happiness. Employment and better education exert greater effects on women?s level of happiness than on men?s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the life course paradigm to explore theoretical ideas for modeling individual religious mobility. I examine long-standing theories of religious switching with an emphasis on individual level modeling in the rational choice tradition. Using these seemingly disparate theories, I show how the life course paradigm is able to provide a framework for fitting them together in a coherent whole. In addition, I consider how the life course paradigm is able to adopt the insights of the rational choice perspective while correcting for its excesses and oversimplifications. Lastly, I explore future directions for research in the area of religious mobility that are neglected from a life course perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project contributes to the literature on mobility in the United States by exploring downward intergenerational and intragenerational mobility through a series of in-depth interviews. One hundred respondents from the NY-NJ-CT Comprehensive Metropolitan Statistical Area were interviewed. The primary sampling unit is secondary school defined by racial and socioeconomic characteristics; respondents are members of their high school?s Class of 1976. Questions asked during the interview were designed to gauge how individuals who differ by race and class view their experiences with downward mobility, as well as to gauge the extent and nature of the social-psychological effects of downward mobility. The goal of this project to examine respondents? accounts of downward mobility in order to better understand how American cultural messages about class are experienced by individuals of different backgrounds. Due to the significant spatial limitations of this paper, findings are only briefly discussed and should be considered preliminary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on interfirm mobility in an attempt to untangle the roles social institutions play in structuring individual job mobility. As opportunity structures change, individual mobility events occur as workers manage their careers in the face of these disruptions. Examining mobility patterns reveals how structural factors associated with labor markets either hinder or facilitate the socioeconomic achievement of individuals. This study investigates one determinant of the socioeconomic attainment process, job mobility. To examine the linkage between structural facets of the labor market and individual job mobility, I utilize the 1979 - 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Data and the Business Information Tracking Service of the Small Business Administration for the years of 1989 to 1994. I use Event History Analysis techniques in STATA to examine how two types of organizational growth impact individual job mobility given the individual’s labor market context. The findings suggest that the interaction between organizational growth, industry structure and organizational size plays a key role in structuring differential mobility outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generation ago, political scientist Samuel Huntington commented that "democratic regimes that last have seldom, if ever, been instituted by mass popular actors" (1984:212). This paper subjects this observation to empirical investigation using statistical and comparative-historical analyses of new democracies over the past half-century. Contrary to Huntington's suggestion, I argue that new democracies growing out of mass mobilization are more likely to survive than new democracies that came about without mobilization. Survival analysis of 112 young democracies based on original data show that the longer the mobilization, the more likely the ensuing democracy is to survive. In particular, sustained unarmed uprisings have generated the longest-lasting new democracies - largely because they are forced to develop an organizational structure that provides a leadership cadre for the new regime, forges links between the government and society, and strengthens checks on the power post-transition government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moral tension between nations' sovereign right to territorial control and the human right to mobility is central to normative debates about immigration control. This paper examines how this moral tension shapes the implementation of U.S. border enforcement. Drawing on interviews (n=60), I examine how U.S. Border Patrol agents respond to questions about whether they feel empathy for immigrants who have morally justifiable reasons for breaking immigration law. I document four distinct, yet not mutually exclusive responses to the question of empathy: "strict legalism", "criminalization", "ambiguity", and "benevolent gatekeeper". In this narratives, the relevance of empathy is a function of the criminality of undocumented immigrants. To illustrate, the "criminalization" narrative characterizes undocumented border crossers as heinous criminals to discard the relevance of empathy, while the "benevolent gatekeeper" highlights instances of agents acting on their empathy toward non-criminal immigrants. I argue that these narratives are not simply products of individual sense-making, but are actually constitutive of a broader category of legitimation work that agents engage in to rationalize and validate their work in response to criticism. As such, these narratives reflect and reproduce the logic underlying the moral economy of U.S. immigration control and shape agents' work practices. This research contributes to the literature on crimmigration, bureaucratic politics, and the sociology of emotion and morality in law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we try to answer the research question whether or not the American deindustrialization has prevented individuals from upward social mobility. We hypothesize that regions with more job losses in manufacturing have lower rates of intergenerational income mobility. In order to reveal casualty rather than merely association, we use the regional variation in exposure to Chinese imports, which could be regarded as an exogenous shock, as the instrument for our key independent variable | the change of manufacturing employment share. The 2SLS estimates suggest that deindustrialization only lowers income mobility rate in the Southern Unites States but not in the Northern areas. The North-South difference in the initial level of deindustrialization might account for the heterogenous effects of manufacturing employment share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exploits the natural experiment of German reunification to study the consequences of regime change for social mobility. I analyze whether the associations between social origin and labor market outcomes differ between German men and women who entered the labor market after reunification based on in which of the two German states they lived before reunification. I find no such differences, neither in the pure associations between social origin and labor market outcomes nor in these associations controlling for the moderating role of educational attainment. These findings imply that social origin is a valuable asset on the German labor market independent of in which German state someone grew up. More generally, these results suggest that the intergenerational transmission of advantage is largely unaffected by political change and economic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines intergenerational mobility effects on social capital and perceived wellbeing in contemporary UK society. Drawing on data from the UK Longitudinal Household Panel Survey, we measure four types of formal and informal social network (civic engagement, neighbourhood cohesion, diversity and size of social networks) and use three indictors for perceived wellbeing. We find that social capital plays a significant role on wellbeing but the impact is much smaller than that of mobility trajectory class. Class is also more closely related to the formal than the informal domains of social network. Demographic attributes show some influences but social network, financial situation, physical health, employment status, and prior levels of wellbeing in particularly, have more salient effects on wellbeing. Over and above all this, class as an indicator of social reproduction is shown to have a persistent and systematic influence. Overall, the analysis suggests that while enriching social connection would contribute to wellbeing, reducing class-linked inequality is of fundamental importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the relationship between ethnicity and social mobility in contemporary British society. Using national representative surveys covering four decades (1982-2011), we investigate patterns and trends of social mobility for the minority and the majority populations and find a major generational shift with the first generation experiencing a notable social decline but the second generation having a clear advancement. The class of origin operated with stronger effects for the first than for the second generation. Overall, the social mobility of visible immigrants in Britain is characterized by a commonality of first-generation setback from and second-generation catching up with the white British, with greater variation among the ethnic minority groups than between them and the whites. Class inequality persists but there are also signs of growing fluidity, for the second generation in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the subjective understanding of success and socioeconomic mobility of two second generation groups, Mexicans in the US and North African in France. Accounting for the culture of mobility among members of the two groups, we investigate how children of immigrants think about key factors in their incorporation and social mobility including their educational experiences and their early labour market experiences. We also look into the cultural and structural factors that shape our respondents' perceptions. Despite their disadvantaged position, Mexican Americans regard their experiences as considerable success given their significant departure from their parents' meagre statuses and ability to fulfil expectations set within a labour migration cultural repertoire. French North Africans, on the other hand, emphasize their limited ability to experience upward mobility as a result of the restrictions imposed on them by French society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last global recession combined with cuts in social services, including education, has created a new set of challenges for different families in different countries from Europe to the US. In the UK, the price of university tuition fees has tripled leading parents and young people to reconsider educational choices and future career goals. Overall inequalities appear to be rising. This article is based on qualitative interviews conducted with 15 South Asian (from Bangladeshi, Indians and Pakistani ethnic background) Muslim families (mother, father and young person aged 14-19) living in the UK between 2009 and 2010 and presents evidence from two family case studies, which exemplify significant themes about education and aspirations in these specific family contexts. The article draws from Lareau's (2003) ethnographic work with American families during the early 1990s, which brought light on the importance of social class in shaping family life and the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. However, the focus of this paper is narrower and concerns with the priorities and aspirations of parents in specific religious-ethnic groups: South Asian Muslims in the UK. Findings suggest that the experience of migration combined with South Asian culture and Islam has altered the traditional class pattern that sees working class families having low educational aspirations for their children. In the study, even parent from lower socio-economic background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In explaining the reproduction of inequalities in the contemporary United States, scholars tend to focus on the attitudes and practices of, and cultural and material resources available to, members of groups located toward the top and/or bottom of the country's socioeconomic hierarchy. This trend is especially pronounced in studies of youngsters navigating educational opportunities. This paper, in contrast, focuses on the attitudes and practices of a group whose material and cultural endowments locate them in the "mainstream" of U.S. society. Based on observations of and interviews with college-bound, white middle-class girls in their final year of study at a well-funded suburban high school, it shows that these self-proclaimed "slackers" and "regular kids" have a culture of sociably sufficing. These girls distance themselves from upper middle-class "overachievers" and working-class and poor "losers" alike. The class-based affinities and aversions of their culture inhibit the girls from making choices that might lead to downward mobility. However, these affinities and aversions also inhibit the girls--even those their school district identifies as "gifted"--from using their school's ample educational resources to maximally augment their cultural capital and thereby enhance their prospects for upward social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on recent insights in network analysis, a new approach to the analysis and interpretation of social mobility data is presented. The paper begins with a description of an approach to community detection in social networks. This approach, when applied to mobility data, offers novel interpretations of mobility patterns and may be used to substantially improve the fit of models of social mobility. To illustrate, the community structure of social mobility is analyzed using data from the General Social Survey. Several models are employed to demonstrate both the interpretation of the community structure of social mobility as well as how the community structure may be implemented to improve model fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to compare the educational outcomes of children of immigrants in France and in the US to understand the educational inequalities and opportunities for social mobility for the second generation in both countries. The comparison is focused on children from two groups: North Africans in France and Mexicans in the US. By using two longitudinal datasets, the French Educational Panel Survey and Add Health, we examine aspirations, expectations and attainment in secondary education in the two contexts. We explore in particular the role of parental education on attainment. We also utilize in-depth interviews to understand their educational experiences and their impact on their perceptions of social mobility. Immigrant families have high educational aspirations in both contexts. North Africans express however higher aspirations than native French with similar background, while there are no differences between second-generation Mexicans and the Majority group. Second generation children are disadvantaged in school in both countries: they are more likely to drop out and less likely to graduate from high school, but most of the disadvantages are related to their social background. Net of social background, North African second generation are more likely to get the French high school diploma. This success is relative insofar as they receive the technological baccalauréat, which is less valued and provides a less certain route to higher education. This comparison shows some convergence on ethnic inequalities in education, despite institutional differences. However, these differences create different school processes and experiences that lead to different views on social mobility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large part of current research in cultural sociology highlights the so-called 'omnivorous' paradigm. According to this emerging paradigm, social differentiation of cultural tastes and practices could no longer be addressed in terms of mass vs. elite culture but rather in terms of eclecticism and openness to diversity. This paper investigates the impact of social mobility on omnivourousness, focusing on survey data related to musical tastes in contemporary France. Making use of a class of statistical models specifically designed for the analysis of mobility effects - the so-called diagonal mobility models -, we first confirm that in cultural as well as in political matters, the formation of attitudes result from the competing influences of primary and secondary socialization, rather than of a strict alignment on either the norms of the class of destination or of the class of origin. But our results do not support the common assumption that social mobility would foster omnivorousness. We rather show that upward-mobile people are less prone to eclecticism than their immobile counterparts in the upper classes. They actually tend to be more drawn to highbrow genres and to be more tightly bound to the more conventional definition of cultural legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]