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Background: Achieving optimal tumour coverage during craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is a challenge. Whilst several critical organs are at risk of radiation-induced toxicity, if target volume structures like the cribriform plate receive less than 95% of the prescribed dose, tumours could recur. Aim: This single-institution study seeks to establish the most effective craniospinal radiotherapy amongst 3D conformal radiation therapy (CRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) by comparing dosimetry across target volumes, organs at risk (OARs) and total irradiated volume. Time taken for contouring, generation and evaluation of treatment plans, quality assurance and treatment beam delivery is assessed. Setting: The demographics of patients comprised of six children and one adult who underwent 3D CRT craniospinal radiotherapy at a Western Cape hospital. Methods: Approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee was obtained. The 3D CRT plan consisted of two parallel opposing lateral fields at the cranial isocentre and a single posterior field at the spinal isocentre. Both the IMRT and VMAT plans comprised three isocentres, one cranial and two spinal, with a total of 15 fields. Results: Volumetric modulated arc therapy was the most conformal (CI = 0.48) and IMRT the most homogeneous (HI = 0.06). Although the VMAT low-dose bath (58.1%) was highest at 2 Gy, OARs were least exposed with VMAT. The total time taken for VMAT was the shortest. Conclusion: Volumetric modulated arc therapy was recommended as the most effective CSI technique owing to its superior conformality, least OARs exposure and fastest planning times. Clinical investigation into possible late adverse effects arising from the VMAT low-dose bath should be conducted. Contribution: This study will establish which of the three radiation therapy (RT) techniques is most effective in the treatment of craniospinal tumours, as well as, which technique offers the fastest turn around time.

Background: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is prevalent and can lead to voice disorders, but its diagnosis is difficult, because of limited correlations between clinical symptoms and organic pathology. Various tools and methods have been explored to aid a diagnosis of LPR. Objective: To investigate associations between reflux symptoms, acoustic-, perceptual-, and physical vocal characteristics, glottal function index (GFI), and vocal handicap index (VHI) in adults with non-organic voice disorders. Methods: Data of 51 adults with non-organic voice disorders were collected, using a retrospective cohort explorative research design, at a private ear, nose and throat specialist practice in Gauteng, South Africa. Quantitative outcomes were compared between reflux symptom index (RSI), acoustic characteristics (jitter, shimmer and fundamental frequency [F0]), maximum phonation time, perceptual- (GRBASI) and physical vocal characteristics, GFI and VHI. Results: The RSI showed positive fair correlations against GFI, VHIP and caffeine intake, indicating an increase in reflux symptoms with higher scores on the various measures. Moderate correlations were also found between GFI and VHIP, grade of hoarseness and jitter, strain and VHIP, strain and VHI total (VHIT) and between Asthenia and jitter. Very strong correlations were found within the various subsections of the VHI as well as between jitter and shimmer and between F0-male and physical symptoms of the VHI (VHIP). Conclusion: Results indicated associations between reflux symptoms, vocal characteristics, the GFI and the VHI. Based on the correlations found these tools used in conjunction could improve clinical diagnosis of LPR. Implications of these findings are promising, but further research is recommended. Contribution: This study contributes to the body of knowledge to support the accurate clinical diagnosis of LPR using subjective measures to determine LPR symptoms, as well as acoustic analysis.

Background: Medical grade oxygen is classified as a drug and needs to be prescribed by a qualified healthcare professional. Oxygen therapy is prescribed to people who cannot maintain normal blood oxygen saturation while breathing atmospheric air. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted the importance of the rational use of this scarce commodity. This study investigated oxygen therapy practices in adult ward patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study design with an analytical component was used in the adults wards at a National District Hospital and the Pelonomi Academic Hospital in Bloemfontein. Data were collected from patient files, interviews and oxygen measurements of adult patients that received oxygen. Results: One hundred and fifteen patients were included in the study, of whom 47.0% received oxygen without an oxygen prescription. Around 62.3% of the patients with prescriptions did not receive oxygen as prescribed. The prescriptions and oxygen administration for COVID-19 patients were better than for non–COVID-19 patients. A quarter of the patients possibly received oxygen therapy unnecessarily. Conclusion: Poor oxygen therapy practices were identified, including prescription errors, oxygen administration errors and oxygen wastage. A protocol should be developed and implemented for the prescription and administration of oxygen therapy. Training should occur to prevent oxygen wastage. Contribution: This study highlighted poor oxygen practices and prescriptions, as well as oxygen wastage in the absence of local oxygen therapy guidelines.

Background: There is a paucity of research on the clinical profile of women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (WLWH) admitted with acute mental health illness. Existing studies are small and did not look at factors that could have an impact on medication adherence. As a first step to inform service delivery for this vulnerable population, a thorough understanding of the composition and needs of these patients should be identified. Objectives: To describe the socio-demographic and clinical profile that could have an influence on the antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence of WLWH at an inpatient psychiatric unit. Methods: In this retrospective audit, the medical records of all WLWH (18–59 years of age), discharged from the acute unit at Stikland Psychiatric Hospital, were reviewed over a 12-month period. Results: Of the 347 female patients discharged, 55 patients were positive for HIV (15.9%). The majority of them were unmarried (78.2%), unemployed (92.7%), had a secondary level of education (Grade 8–10) (58.2%), lived with a family member (83.6%) and had children (61.8%). The most common psychiatric diagnosis on discharge was substance use disorder with 78.2% of patients being categorised as substance users. Interpersonal violence was only reported by 5.5% of patients. Although most patients performed poorly on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS), only 12% of patients received a diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) upon discharge. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated in 21.8% of patients. Only eight patients had a viral load of 200 copies/mL, indicating viral suppression. Conclusion: Our findings may inform service planning and emphasise the need for targeted intervention strategies to improve treatment outcomes in this vulnerable group.

Background: Globally, the number of older people is rising. As a consequence of greater longevity, an increased burden on both medical and mental health care is expected. As a first step towards developing strategies to provide quality mental health care for this growing population, practitioners need to have a thorough understanding of the composition and needs of these patients. Aim: To profile the inpatient population of a psychogeriatric unit in terms of demographics, diagnostic makeup, average length of stay and selected outcomes. Setting: This study was conducted at the psychogeriatric unit of Stikland Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa. Methods: Demographic and clinical data were retrospectively collected from patient files, discharge summaries and an admission database over a 3-year period. Results: A total of 903 patients were referred to Stikland Hospital during a 3-year period. Of the 498 patients who were admitted, 56 were readmissions. The mean age of patients was 67 years, and more than 57% of patients were female. The majority of patients (97.1%) were admitted as involuntary mental health users. The diagnosis of a cognitive disorder was made in 49.5% of admissions followed by psychotic disorders in 36.9% and mood disorders in 23.2%. The median length of stay was 53 days. Conclusion: The findings of this study illustrate that mental health services for the elderly in the Western Cape are insufficient, as only patients with severe illness and comorbidity could be admitted. The study emphasises the need for the restructuring of resources and the implementation of strategies, which may decrease the frequency of admissions to inpatient geriatric units.

Orientation: The South African economy and, in particular, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have shown uninspiring performance, reflected in low levels of job creation, worryingly low levels of total early-stage entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial employee activity (EEA). As SMEs are the innovation and growth engine of an economy, the poor EEA levels (0.7%) indicate lacklustre levels of innovation and intrapreneurial activity. Research purpose: This study aims to fill the void by assessing the effect of intrapreneurial orientation (IO) at the employee level on internal SME growth. Motivation for the study: Despite this bleak outlook, to date no study has attempted to determine the influence of an IO on SME growth metrics. Research design, approach and method: The study is quantitative in nature, using an adapted questionnaire and employing a random sampling approach. Data were analysed by means of factor, correlation and regression analyses. A total of 290 responses were received from SME employees across South Africa. Main findings: The empirical study showed that only risk-taking, innovativeness, personal control, self-esteem and certain managerial factors positively relate to the growth of an SME. Practical/managerial implications: The findings provide insights for managers within SMEs on improving employee entrepreneurial activity and growth rates, by means of focusing on growth-supportive IO interventions. Contribution/value-add: The findings of this research are beneficial to academia and industry as the framework and measuring instrument offer additional insights into IO within SMEs.

Background: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems of enormous amounts of data. In the case where uncertainties and volatilities exist in a firm’s environment, this data can help a business to reconfigure and modify its capabilities to adapt to the emerging changes. However, as most studies have only focused on the evaluation of the methodologies and challenges of ERP implementation, only little seems to have been performed to evaluate how ERP systems can be scaled to leverage a firm’s absorptive and adaptive capabilities. Objective: This research explores how ERP systems can be optimised to leverage the acquisition and assimilation of new information to bolster a firm’s absorptive and adaptive capabilities. Method: Using a qualitative exploratory research approach, primary research was based on the manufacturing businesses in the Gauteng area. In this analysis, 23 operational managers who were purposively drawn from 23 manufacturing businesses were interviewed to discern how ERP optimisation leverages a firm’s absorptive and adaptive capabilities. Results: Enterprise resource planning was found to create a business system that leverages new information acquisition and assimilation. Although this spawns a firm’s absorptive and adaptive capabilities, findings still revealed the adopted management philosophy and organisational culture to influence how ERP can be optimised to bolster the acquisition and assimilation of new information in product, operational and strategic changes and modifications. Conclusion: The study concludes with a framework that offers new insights on how ERP can be optimised to bolster a firm’s absorptive and adaptive capabilities.

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Background: The prevalence of HIV in specific areas of South Africa and its impact on haematological parameters are largely unknown.Objectives: To (1) describe the prevalence of HIV, (2) stage HIV based on CD4 counts, and (3) determine haematological parameters amongst participants in Mangaung, Free State Province.Method: Blood specimens were obtained from 419 participants in formal and informal settlements in Mangaung. Participants were 25–64 years of age; 23.4% were male. Males and females were a mean of 45.1 and 44.3 years of age, respectively. Screening for HIV status was performed. Positive results were confirmed by a second test. Full blood counts were performed on all participants, and CD4 counts only on HIV-positive serum.Results: The overall prevalence of HIV was 40.8%. The highest prevalence occurred in the 31–40 years age group, with 38.4% of females and 39.5% of males being infected. More than 33% of HIV-uninfected participants were 51–60 years of age. No significant change in CD4 count with age was observed, probably because 19.1% of the 225 respondents who reported using medication were receiving antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. Haematological results showed that HIV-infected participants had significantly reduced values for haemoglobin, leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes, compared to HIV-uninfected participants. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly higher in HIV-infected participants.Conclusions: A high prevalence of HIV-infection was found. Anaemia and significantly reduced white blood cell counts were observed in the HIV-infected group. No significant change in CD4 counts with age was observed and could possibly be attributed to ARV therapy.

Background: Chronic lifestyle diseases share similar modifiable risk factors, including hypertension, tobacco smoking, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and physical inactivity. Metabolic syndrome refers to the cluster of risk factors that increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease.Objectives: The study aimed to assess health status and identify distinct risk-factor profiles for both chronic lifestyle diseases and metabolic syndrome in rural and urban communities in central South Africa.Methods: The investigation formed part of the Assuring Health for All in the Free State (AHA-FS) study. During interviews by trained researchers, household socio-demographic and health information, diet, risk factors (i.e. history of hypertension and/or diabetes) and habits (e.g. smoking and inadequate physical activity levels) were determined. Adult participants underwent anthropometric evaluation, medical examination and blood sampling. Results: The risk-factor profile for chronic lifestyle diseases revealed that self-reported hypertension and physical inactivity were ranked the highest risk factor for the rural and urban groups respectively. The cumulative risk-factor profile showed that 40.1% of the rural and 34.4% of the urban study population had three or more risk factors for chronic lifestyle diseases. Furthermore, 52.2% of rural and 39.7% of urban participants had three or more risk factors for metabolic syndrome.Conclusion: This study confirmed that the worldwide increase in the prevalence of chronic lifestyle diseases can be attributed to a more sedentary lifestyle, illustrated in the urban study population, and increasing obesity. The rural study population had a higher prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

In February 2006, when he was Deputy President of the country, Mr Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma appeared in the Supreme Court in Johannesburg to defend himself against charges of rape. The charge of rape by a woman known only as Khwezi against a powerful politician, popular with many trade unions and many ordinary folk, not only gave rise to one of the major media events in that year in South Africa, but also revealed divisions in society and in politics. While Zuma supporters sang in his defence and to his praise, activists against women abuse criticised Zuma. On the one hand, the supporters of Zuma defended him with reference to his moral integrity; they also stated that he was the popular choice for future president, while they ridiculed the futile actions of his enemies. On the other hand, the activists against women abuse attempted to highlight Zuma’s behaviour as immoral and urged women to speak out against abuse. This opposition revealed new divisions in society at large, as will be shown in the analysis of the songs.

I was requested by the editors of the �Historical Commentary on the Old Testament� (HCOT) to contribute two volumes on Isaiah in this series. This present article, however, focuses only on volume I: Isaiah 1-12. The aim of this article can be summarised in six points. Some introductory remarks are made with regard to the genre of commentary writing. Secondly, the viewpoint of the HCOT series is outlined; in other words its methodological and epistemological viewpoint. Thirdly, recent developments in the study of the book of Isaiah are discussed. Fourthly, my own objectives and hypothesis with regard to this project are outlined. Fifthly, a short overview of Isaiah 1-12 on a synchronic level is given. Sixthly, my research methodology is defined as a �diachronically reflected synchronic� reading of the Isaianic text. In the last section some concluding remarks are made.

Automatic lemmatisation for Afrikaans Automatic lemmatisation is a general normalisation procedure in text processing, where all inflected forms of a lexical word are normalised to a single lemma (i.e. a meaningful, uninflected base form from which more complex word forms could be formed). Traditionally, lemmatisers are developed by writing language-specific rules to identify lemmas. In this article an alternative approach is investigated, namely a machine learning approach, to develop a lemmatiser for Afrikaans (LIA: “Lemmaidentifiseerder vir Afrikaans”). An overview regarding the process of inflection in Afrikaans is provided with the aim of identifying the categories of inflection that are relevant for lemmatisation in Afrikaans. The format of the input and output is described with special reference to the nine inflectional categories for Afrikaans that the system should be able to handle. Then the task of lemmatisation as a classification task for machine learning is described, and a concise introduction to memory-based learning is provided. The development and evaluation of LIA is discussed in detail, and it is illustrated how the performance of the initial classifier is improved through feature selection and parameter optimisation. The best classifier reaches an accuracy of 92,8%. The article concludes with a view on some future work.

The Psalter has very often been regarded as the prayer book of the poor. In the Psalms God is portrayed as the saviour of the poor, their hope, their stronghold and liberator � whether these are prayers of an individual or prayers of the community. The high concentration of the term(s) for the �poor� in the Psalter, in relation to the rest of the books of the Old� Testament (OT), indeed indicates a profound affinity for the �poor� in the Psalter , which is an indication that the Psalter underwent a redaction of the �theology of the poor�. In this article the focus will be on Psalm 69, as it seems to have undergone a �redaction of the poor�. The main focus will be on the verses 33 and 34, as they, specifically, contain terminology of the �poor�. Special attention will also be given to the different terms used for the poor in this text.

This article demonstrates the vindictive tone of Malachi�s final sermon by highlighting the amazing reversal of fortunes of the righteous and shocking end of the wicked. Such a reversal or antithesis this article proposes, serves as a climax to the literary motif and artistic brilliance of reversal noticeable in the book of Malachi. The substance of Malachi�s message is that of triumph of Yahweh�s justice over obvious inequalities of life. Malachi 3:13�21 reveals that beyond the horizon of lived reality lies a judgement moment in which good and evil are still criteria of what is acceptable and unacceptable to Yahweh. The article examines the literary structure and content of the this unit of Malachi�s oracle, provides detailed exegesis of the cynicism or antithesis in the text and concludes by synthesising the result in an attempt at reconciling Yahweh�s supposed justice with obvious life�s inequalities. Malachi�s prediction of the ultimate restoration of the fortune of the righteous and shameful end of the wicked, stands as a refutation of the insinuation that to serve Yahweh is worthless.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article not only focuses on the synchronic dimensions of this text, but also the diachronic perspectives. The literary analysis is combined with a historical embeddedness of this text. This text poses a challenge to the reader of the 21st century and invites the modern reader to a explore life, and specifically fullness of life amidst circumstances not conducive to fullness of life.

In this article the author discusses the fact that being sexual is part of being human. The Old Testament quite frankly acknowledges this important aspect of our humanity. It unapologetically depicts men and women as physical and sexual creatures � not only as spiritual, rational and moral beings. Surveying what the Old Testament says about human sexuality can remind us that the more things change (and they certainly have changed a lot!), the more things stay the same. The cultural world and the social structures within which we express our sexuality today are substantially different from those of Old Testament times, and they are continuing to evolve at a rapid pace in our day. Still, all things considered, it is not so much our fundamental differences with our biblical ancestors that strikes us, but rather our common flesh, our common capacity for love with a physical dimension, our common desire to know and be known by another. These sexual aspects of our humanity are as strong as death, as unquenchable as fire.

This theology chronicle proceeds from the Marcionite idea of the cruel God of the Old Testament. This idea today is still well and alive with church members, and even with students of Biblical Studies and Theology. The author then takes the reader on a short journey through some of the most sublime love texts in the Old Testament, portraying Yahweh (the God of Israel) as a loving father and even as a loving mother/wife. The article concludes with an appeal towards the reader to once again discover the beauty of the Old Testament as well as Old Testament texts.

The issue this article attempts to explore is whether a form of oral art – political songs – played a part in achieving democracy in South Africa, and, if so, how this aim was achieved. In this regard it should be kept in mind that political songs form part of the large, vibrant body of oral art in South Africa. An aspect of oral art that is particularly relevant to political songs is that it is often performed to be efficacious, that is, it is performed to achieve a desired result. Equally important is the attribute of performance. It is obvious that the political song derived much of its power from the dynamics of performance. Political songs evolved from church hymns with obscure references of suffering to power singing with an overt and belligerent political message. The conclusion arrived at is that political songs played a vital role in forging democracy from below.

This article briefly sketches the history of African-language literatures as initiated by missionaries and formed by Bantu education. Against this background the aim of this article is to establish what the objectives of Zulu dramatists were when they presented historical fact, flawed history, as well as ideological sentiment in their historical plays. Are history plays in Zulu simply the products of writers whose objective was to meet a publisher’s requirements, namely to extend the dramatic genre by writing history plays? Did authors perhaps only have an educational objective, that is, to provide learners with setwork material? If, on the other hand, the history play is the creation of a memory for a specific purpose, as post-colonial theorists suggest, the next objective of this article is to establish what kind of memory Zulu dramatists have created and for what purpose. The history plays will be discussed under the following topics: UNodumehlezi kaMenzi – He who is famous as he sits, son of Menzi (King Shaka). In exploring aspects of Shaka’s rule, it becomes clear that writers express their pain about the great loss the Zulu nation suffered when the Shakan era passed. The second topic treats Izwe lidungekile – The land is in turmoil. The dramas dealt with here vividly depict the pitiful state of the Zulu after their subjugation by the British empire, leading eventually to an inevitable option – armed resistance. The third and last topic, Izwe ngelethu – The land is ours – treats the issue of land.

The image �book of life� is mentioned expressis verbis in Psalm 69:29a. The supplicant appeals to God to erase his enemies� from� the �book of life�. The aim of� this paper� is to elaborate on this image. Quite varied notions can be distinguished in this regard: firstly, the idea of the lists of the citizenry and secondly, the image of the heavenly book. Furthermore, three types of �heavenly books� can be distinguished, namely (1) the book� of� fate; (2)� the� book of works; and (3) the book of life. The conclusion is drawn that �life� here implies �life� under the protection of God which is sustained by his righteousness (69:28). The supplicant�s enemies will be excluded from this privilege when God erases them from the �book of life�. This reference to� life is primarily a reference to ordinary earthly life.

The methodology of this article involved an examination of theoretical and empirical data so as to ascertain what the defining grammatical and semantic nature of tenses in isiZulu are with the ultimate goal of presenting an alternative view of these tenses. The article examined selected studies on the theory of tense in general as well as work done specifically on tenses in isiZulu. The most prolific scholar in South Africa writing on tenses in isiZulu is L.C. Posthumus. His studies, particularly those of 1990 and 2008, were examined so as to highlight problems with regard to suppositions and terminology. The conclusion of this discussion was that the basis on which a distinction is made between the so-called absolute and so-called relative tenses in isiZulu is contentious. Examples of tensed clauses in all the tenses in isiZulu taken from the empirical data were then examined in order to gain a sense of the defining temporal information communicated by these clauses. Having discussed these examples alternative terms for some tenses were suggested. The empirical data that guided the discussion and provided examples of tensed clauses are drawn from selected narrative texts. The findings with regard to terminology and the temporal information of tenses in isiZulu were then summarised.

Technikons advocate the practice of co-operative education, which is an educational strategy that integrates learning through productive work with the theoretical curriculum. However, only 35% of theTechnikon SA programmes have a compulsory experiential learning component. Grounded theory research was undertaken to determine some of the basic assumptions of Technikon SA’s academic staff in this regard. Rather than starting out with a specific research problem, grounded theory explores an area of interest and allows what is relevant to emerge. Semi-structured interviews with four open-ended questions, were conducted with a stratified-random sample of 25 teaching staff at Technikon SA. It was found that, although there is some willing compliance and belief in co-operative education, it is not indicative of the organisational culture of Technikon SA. Opsomming Technikons propageer die beoefening van ko˛peratiewe onderwys,’n opvoedkundige strategiewat leer deur produktiewewerkservaring integreermet die teoretiese kurrikulum. ByTechnikon SAegter, het slegs sowat 35% van die formele programme ’n verpligte leerervarings komponent.Teoretiese-begrondings navorsingsmetodologie is gebruik omsekere basiese veronderstellings van akademiese personeel te bepaal. Eerder as om’n spesifieke navorsingsprobleemas vertrekpunt te gebruik, ondersoek teoretiese-begronding’n areavan belang en laat die metodiek die relevante sake toe omte voorskyn te kom. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude,met vier ope vrae, is gevoer met ’n gestratifiseerde eweskansige steekproef van 25 akademiese personeellede vanTechnikon SA. Daar is bevind dat alhoewel daar beperkte oortuiging en gewillige uitlewing van kooperatiewe onderwys is, is dit nie beduidend as kenmerkend van die organisasie kultuur vanTechnikon SA nie.

Data on agriculture are required by decision-makers, including farmers, to solve problems and make business decisions. The needs of decision-makers have changed over time. Since information systems are designed to aid decisionmakers, their needs should be determined. A mail survey among farmers indicated that they are chiefly interested in information regarding producer prices, prices of field crop inputs and statistics on imports and exports of livestock products. There is also interest in employment data and statistics on economic, institutional and infrastructural matters.

The family is the bedrock that forms the indispensable foundation for discipleship. It was instituted by the Creator as his primary setting for human development and nurture (Gn 2:18�25; Ps 68:5, 6). Thus the crisis involving marriage and the family is indeed a cultural crisis of the first order. Social life quite simply cannot function effectively without the family. Whilst according to Flowers and Flowers: �Christian families face the challenge of understanding and stretching toward the divine design for life and relationships, even as they dwell in a world where hard reality find us far short of God�s plan for family living�, this article demonstrates that Malachi�s prophetic oracle (2:10�16) is an urgent motivation and challenge to Yahweh�s people in faith communities to be living embodiment of the ideals of fidelity, commitment and steadfastness. In honouring these values and ideals, the article further challenges Yahweh�s faith communities to seek concrete ways of affirming, strengthening, empowering and supporting persons and families in their efforts to live in faithfulness to the values they recognise and esteem.

The vision in Isaiah 2:1�5 of nations streaming to Zion in the days to come to receive Yahweh�s Torah is one of the best-known texts in the entire Book of Isaiah. The chapter begins with the description of Yahweh, the universal Judge, who issues effective decrees and exercises authority over the earth from atop Mount Zion. The standards for the nations� relationships amongst themselves are set by Yahweh. The nations will learn peace and practice peace. The question of Israel�s relationship to the nations is addressed in many texts in the Old Testament, but they do not offer a uniform opinion on this matter. The Book of Isaiah goes a step further than other texts: the Torah is also valid for the other nations. In this article the focus will be on Isaiah 2:1�5. The relationship of this text with other parts of the Book of Isaiah will also be addressed.

The successful rehabilitation of a patient following a CVA is largely dependent on the effective relearning of previous motor skills or the learning of new skills. An understanding of the components of motor function and control and the principles of the learning process is therefore essential. Functional activities may be used as an optimal means of combining these principles so as to improve the efficacy of physiotherapy treatment. Two case studies are used to illustrate this approach.

The one who is to come: �Messianic texts� in the Old Testament and other Jewish writingsAccording to the New-Testament authors, the life of Jesus, as Christ, should be seen in light of the Old-Testament texts. It seems that all the messianic texts in the Old Testament had been fulfilled in Jesus. The Messiah, who had been expected for a long time, was born in Bethlehem. This interpretation by the New-Testament authors has caused the church and Christians throughout the centuries to read the Old Testament as a prophecy, which is fulfilled in Jesus Christ. This interpretation has caused impatience with Jews, who did not accept Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah. This article addresses the question: How did ancient Israel understand the concept �messiah�? It seems that the term is much more complex than a single meaning would allow the reader to believe. This article thus focuses on the theological functioning of the term within the Hebrew Bible as well as in other Jewish writings.

Five types of burrow casts from the Lystrosaurus- Procolophon Assemblage-zone (Palingkloof Member and Katberg Formation, Triassic, Karoo sequence. South Africa) are associated with casts of desiccation cracks and red mudstone. Vertebrate remains of Lystrosaurus sp. and Procolophon sp. indicate that these animals probably made the burrows during the Triassic. It is possible that burrowing was an adaptive advantage during periods of severe and unfavourable climatic conditions. Similar burrow casts were found in the Dicynodon-Theriognathus Assemblage-zone, suggesting a burrowing habit for fauna represented in this zone. In structure, the burrow casts resemble those of Scoyenia, Thalassinoides, Histioderma, Gyrolithes and Planolites reported from Germany, France, Asia, Ireland, Spain and the United States of America.

Research on the effect of information management on organizational performance is an important issue. The primary problem of the business value of information is embedded in the following reasoning: information management creates business value indirectly but creates business costs directly, making the evaluation and measurement of information management and the benefits thereof difficult for organizations. In this study an empirical survey was conducted in ten large South African organizations to establish practices and norms in managing the business value of information management, information management investment and benefits evaluation. The most common criteria considered to be important were the ability to adapt and support business changes and the stability and quality of information management services to the user community.

The transformation of the South African higher education landscape resulted in, among other things, the merger of three distance education institutions: Unisa, VUDEC and TSA. The macro level of the merger will no doubt be studied in detail. This article explores a micro level process for two departments merged by a top-down decision that did not take cognisance of their dissimilar functions and structures. The result was both a merger and a demerging process. The two departments first had to confront the realities of their different functions and structures before a reconfiguration could occur, including the emergence of a strategic plan focusing on aspects such as specific contribution, drivers, objectives and structure. The change management principles adopted to ensure the success of the process are outlined, analysed and reflected upon.

Against the backdrop of a literature review on leadership approaches, models and theories, the aim of this study was the identification of shortcomings regarding leadership competencies within a particular manufacturer. Semistructured interviewing was used within a grounded theory research design. A stratified random sample of participants contributed to the study. Opposing perspectives about several themes emerged from the data such as, vision direction, communication channels, growth, rewarding performance, leadership-role, and change problems. Seminars and workshops towards improvement of competencies are recommended.

The aim of this study is to determine whether users move through stages of concern when adopting technology and whether certain demographical characteristics; age, the department the employees operate in and the length of using the innovative technology affects the stage of technology adoption. The sample which were drawn from the oil industry, consisted of 25 Finance employees from Company A and 32 Customer Service Centre and 22 Logistics employees from Company B. In terms of the gathered statistics on the stages of concern, users reached either stages 1/2 (Information/Personal) or 4/5 (Consequences/Collaboration). No statistical significance was found in terms of age, department and length of using the innovative technology. Opsomming Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of gebruikers deur verskillende fases van aanvaarding beweeg wanneer nuwe tegnologie ingebruik geneem word, en of sekere demografiese eienskappe soos byvoorbeeld ouderdom, die spesifieke afdeling waarin die individu werksaam is asook die duur van die gebruik van die tegnologie, die fase van aanvaarding van nuwe tegnologie affekteer. Die steekgroep het bestaan uit werknermers in die oliebedryf, naamlik 25 Finansiele werknemers van organisasie A, en 32 Kliente Dienssentrum werknemers asook 22 werknemers van die Logistieke Afdeling van organisasie B. Resultate het gewys dat die meerderheid van gebruikers, fase 1/2 of fase 4/5 bereik het. Geen statisties beduidende verband tussen, ouderdom, afdeling en duur van gebruik van nuwe tegnologie is gevind nie.

This case study serve as exemplar regarding what can go wrong with the implementation of an electronic document management system. Knowledge agility and knowledge as capital, is outlined against the backdrop of the information society and knowledge economy. The importance of electronic document management and control is sketched thereafter. The literature review is concluded with the impact of human resource management on knowledge agility, which includes references to the learning organisation and complexity theory. The intervention methodology, comprising three phases, follows next. The results of the three phases are presented thereafter. Partial success has been achieved with improving the human efficacy of electronic document management, however the client opted to discontinue the system in use. Opsomming Die gevalle studie dien as voorbeeld van wat kan verkeerd loop met die implementering van ’n elektroniese dokumentbestuur sisteem. Teen die agtergrond van die inligtingsgemeenskap en kennishuishouding word kennissoepelheid en kennis as kapitaal bespreek. Die literatuurstudie word afgesluit met die inpak van menslikehulpbronbestuur op kennissoepelheid, wat ook die verwysings na die leerorganisasie en kompleksietydsteorie insluit. Die metodologie van die intervensie, wat uit drie fases bestaan, volg daarna. Die resultate van die drie fases word vervolgens aangebied. Slegs gedeelte welslae is behaal met die verbetering van die menslike doeltreffendheid ten opsigte van elektroniese dokumentbestuur. Die klient besluit egter om nie voort te gaan om die huidige sisteem te gebruik nie.

Organisational talent is internationally regarded a key success factor in a competitive world and is continuously challenged. In South Africa, the Apartheid heritage further presents major challenges regarding developmental opportunities of talented people. Co-operative education presents, as structured educational strategy that progressively integrates academic study with learning through productive work experiences, itself as a means to grow the talent of the South African people. As result of the inadequate practice of co-operative education and a fair amount of associated resistance, ‘classical’ literature is reviewed. The literature review further identifies the core properties of co-operative education and the study has attempted to distil the core principles of a phenomenological research design. The specific ‘phenomena’ which the research focused on are existing joint ventures between Higher Education institutions and business enterprises aimed at educating people and growing talent. Selections of the voices of the research participants are presented in this article. Although the present study identifies several shortcomings regarding the practice of co-operative education, it pioneers the notion that the growing of talent can be enhanced through a co-operative education strategy.