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This paper presents the theory that was used in 1978 to establish the controlled environment for a clean operating room. It defines zones/or the operating area and the peripheral areas. By focusing on the area where operations take place, contamination can efficiently be controlled. This critical area was termed the mainstream zone in this paper. The model described in this paper has been successfully used in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing commissioning is important for improving the energy efficiency of large scale air conditioning systems. It should be an essential part of building operation and maintenance. However, normal ongoing commissioning is time-consuming and needs expert experience. This paper therefore presents a quick, streamlined ongoing commissioning method. Based on operation data logs stored by building management systems (BMS), this method can give primary evaluations on system performance and supply suggestions for operation optimization and equipment retrofit. This method has been applied in a shopping center in Hong Kong. The applications have been introduced in detail as examples to illustrate the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives a brief overview of current situation of renewable energy use in Chinese buildings. Some problems and basic rules of renewable energy utilization are pointed out. According to which, renewable energy in China's rural buildings should be paid more and more attention in the future. At last, the feasibility to reach to "low carbon" or "zero coal" village by implementing different renewable energy technologies is demonstrated by two demonstration projects in different rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts data processing methods and data mining technology to develop a building energy consumption model, based on an energy consumption database of commercial buildings that includes 95 commercial buildings in Shanghai. Data transformation and data reduction are conducted to clear up data relations in the database. Three methods for missing data handling as well as outlier inspection are used for data processing. The software SAS is used as the tool for data processing and data mining. An optimum regression model of building energy consumption is made for each missing data element. Through comparing the three optimum regression models and their prediction results of building energy consumption, it is found that the Regression Imputation Method was the best method to handle missing data, and a regression model with operation time of HVAC system, cooling capacity, ratio of office area to total gross area, and hotel area to total gross area was the most reasonable prediction model of the energy consumption of commercial buildings in Shanghai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An independent dehumidification air-conditioning system has been built in Beijing, China. The dehumidificaiton is done by a hot water-driven liquid desiccant dehumidification subsystem. This paper reports results of field measurement of the system, which shows that the system can produce a comfortable indoor environment even in very humid weather. On dry days, the dehumidification system bears around 40% of the total load, while on humid days, it bears around 50%. Economic comparison of the independent dehumidification system and a conventional system indicates that the two systems have equivalent distribution power consumption, but the former one may save about 30% cooling source cost when the price ratio of electricity to heat is reasonably set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the field study results of a novel hot water-powered liquid desiccant dehumidification system, which has been installed in a demonstration building in Beijing, China, as part of an independent dehumidification air-conditioning system. The hot water is supplied by the urban heating network, which is powered by a heat and power cogeneration (CHP) plant. The working principles of the system, both in summer and in winter, are illustrated in detail. The performance of the system has been measured, showing that the average energy efficiency of the outdoor air processor is 1.83, the average regeneration efficiency 0.82, and the average energy efficiency of the entire liquid desiccant dehumidification system 1.50, which is competitive compared to a conventional electrical refrigeration system. The outdoor processors work in winter as total heat recovery units with efficiency being around 0.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common design guides on smoke management in atria will be reviewed in this paper. Different approaches used in those guides are outlined. It is observed that the engineering principles behind those design guides are basically the same, though the approaches might be different. Smoke ventilation appears to be a common approach for smoke management in an atrium. An acceptable smoke layer height can be kept, or at least the descending rate of the smoke layer could be reduced. Designs based on different guides are compared by referring to some real cases in Hong Kong. There are deviations among different guides even under the same fire scenarios. At the moment, these guides only give general design principles, not yet covering all atria, especially the tall ones in the Far East. In other words, only simplified design procedures for systems under some agreed fire scenarios in an atrium are outlined. Guidance on solving practical problems frequently encountered in atria apart from those cases is discussed, taking the huge development in the construction industry of China as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]