1. The Effect of Compression Applied Through Constrained Lateral Eccentricity on the Failure Mechanics and Flexibility of the Human Cervical Spine
- Author
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Shun Yamamoto, Vanessa Thomson, Tom Whyte, Thomas R. Oxland, Travis Marion, John Street, Peter A. Cripton, and Angela D. Melnyk
- Subjects
Facet (geometry) ,Flexibility (anatomy) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Biomedical Engineering ,Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physiology (medical) ,Pressure ,medicine ,Eccentricity (behavior) ,media_common ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Biomechanics ,Anatomy ,Compression (physics) ,Sagittal plane ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Coronal plane ,Cervical Vertebrae ,Ligament ,0305 other medical science ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
In contrast to sagittal plane spine biomechanics, little is known about the response of the cervical spine to axial compression with lateral eccentricity of the applied force. This study evaluated the effect of lateral eccentricity on the kinetics, kinematics, canal occlusion, injuries, and flexibility of the cervical spine in translationally constrained axial impacts. Eighteen functional spinal units were subjected to flexibility tests before and after an impact. Impact axial compression was applied at one of three lateral eccentricity levels based on percentage of vertebral body width (low = 5%, medium = 50%, high = 150%). Injuries were graded by dissection. Correlations between intrinsic specimen properties and injury scores were examined for each eccentricity group. Low lateral force eccentricity produced predominantly bone injuries, clinically recognized as compression injuries, while medium and high eccentricity produced mostly contralateral ligament and/or disc injuries, an asymmetric pattern typical of lateral loading. Mean compression force at injury decreased with increasing lateral eccentricity (low = 3098 N, medium = 2337 N, and high = 683 N). Mean ipsilateral bending moments at injury were higher at medium (28.3 N·m) and high (22.9 N·m) eccentricity compared to low eccentricity specimens (0.1 N·m), p
- Published
- 2020