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This paper aims to examine relationship between financial development, economic growth and trade openness in Turkey for the period 2004-2017. The variables were determined Credit/GDP, M2/GDP as financial development level indicators, the variables were determined Export/GDP, Import/GDP as trade openness level indicators for the econometric application of the paper. Gregory-Hansen Cointegration test results indicate that there is not a long-run relationship between financial development and trade openness levels and economic growth. Another econometric method applied in the paper is based on Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test results, it was determined that there is a causality relationship from Import/GDP variables to economic growth variable which is an trade openness indicators. When the findings are evaluated in general, it is revealed that there is a relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Turkey for the period 2004-2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right strategy for economic development and actors in industrialization are two important issues for developing countries. The role of state and private sector in investments characterize the national economic system of a country. Whether state should invest in national industry as a sole actor or has a role of facilitator and controller is a significant issue discussed earlier by political economists. Turkey and Korea are good examples to show how the degree of government intervention can influence the formation entrepreneur class and establishment of private industries. This paper will try to compare and analyze main political economy of Turkey and Korea from earlier years of proclamation of republics to 1990s. Special focus will be given to causes and effects of economic crisis on national political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between oil prices and economic growth is the subject of many studies because oil price creates long-term macroeconomic impacts for the World economies. In this paper, therefore, the relationship between oil prices and economic growth is investigated by using time series analysis over the period of 1980-2011 for the OPEC and oil-imported countries. The results of time series analysis show that a rise in oil price creates a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth for some oil-imported countries and a negative statistically significant effect on economic growth in Kiribati; besides, this positive relation arises only for the UAE that is a member of the OPEC. In addition, it is observed for some countries that both cointegration and causal relationships occur between the mentioned variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of tourism incomes on economic growth. For this purpose, short and long run effects of total and per capita tourism income on real GNP, agriculture, industry, and service sectors have been tested. Granger (1969) causality test has been used to examine short run relations between the variables. The stationarity test of the variables has been done by using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests. Also long run relations between the variables have been investigated by Engle-Granger (1987) and Johansen- Juselius (1990) cointegration methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road transport infrastructure is of great importance for economic growth, consumer welfare and national competitiveness. The financing of roads is a major issue in all countries. Over the past two decades the view about the economic nature of roads has evolved. In the past roads have generally been considered as public goods, financed through national government taxes. After globalization this view has changed. Public goods in general and in particular roads should be based more on the user pay principle in the age of globalization. The purpose of this paper is to summarise methods of financing roads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]