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We carried out a mixed-method design to investigate the Austrian Climate Citizens' Assembly (CCA) input, process and output dimensions following the OECD's Evaluation Guidelines for Representative Deliberative Processes (2021). The following methods were used to deliver the empirical findings of this report: Document analysis and desk research, participant observation, semi-structured qualitative interviews, and media coverage review. The main findings are structured along the input, process and output dimension.

This study quantifies the spillover effects of PM2.5 emissions on emergency room visits due to respiratory diseases in Chile. We use several spatial panel methods and models controlling also for the potential endogeneity of air quality. Our estimates show that the spillover effects are downward biased when this endogeneity is ignored. Furthermore, using the estimates from our preferred model, we find that about 65% of the total emergency room visits in Chile are due to PM2.5 emissions generated in the same municipality, whereas the remaining 35% can be attributed to pollutants emitted in a different spatial unit. In economic terms, increasing PM2.5 emissions in one thousand tonnes yields to an increase of $98,010 USD of annual costs for ER health facilities due to spillover effects, whereas the total costs (considering indirect and direct effects) amounts to $283,855 USD.

The development of community-based ecotourism (CBE) has the potential to preserve biodiversity and protect the environment, as well as play an important role in the socio-cultural, economic and politically sustainable development of the community. This paper assesses the implementation of CBE development and compares the sustainability of ecotourism development between the Zhabagly community and the Abaiyl community. The data is obtained mainly through the household questionnaire survey, field observations, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. 222 representative families were surveyed with 5-point Likert scale questions in this paper including 166 Zhabagly and 56 Abaiyl participants. The study used 18 indicators based on 4 dimensions: environmental, socio-cultural, economic and political. Results from this analysis indicate that the sustainability of CBE development in two communities is slightly different in all 4 dimensions. Zhabagly community is more successful in achieving sustainable CBE development than the Abaiyl community. The results reveal that the overall evaluation of the two communities on sustainability is moderate. However, both communities demonstrate that, potentially, they are politically unsustainable. As a result, we initially assert that the sustainability of CBE development in the Aksu-Zhabagly nature reserve (NR) is far from perfect. In particular, the positive economic and political impact of tourism development is not obvious. To address this shortcoming, tourism development organizations need to jointly develop a design policy for the sustainable development of CBE.

Souvenirs have become an integral part of consumptive tourism with marine curios being a common offering in coastal destinations. The Philippines, an emerging coastal destination is also a large exporter of marine shells. There is some overlap in the species exported as shell souvenirs and those that serve as an important protein source for coastal residents. In some such communities, following consumption of the mollusc, the shell by-products are discarded. Given the state of poverty common to many remote artisanal fishing communities coupled with the tourism demand for shell curio and handicraft, it is expected that potential opportunities exist for small-scale revenue generation from the sale of discarded shells. Using supply chain theory, this paper investigates the post-consumption use of shells obtained via gleaning activities in four remote Filipino fishing communities. Qualitative interviews revealed potential gaps and breakages in the supply chain that currently limit the potential for transitioning shells as waste/by-products to souvenir products in the tourism sector. The findings are discussed in terms of potential applications for environmental management and social development. The results suggest the potential for the transformation of an existing practice - gleaning and its by-products - into an in-demand curio product as a supplemental livelihood for impoverished fishing communities.

This paper develops residual-based monitoring procedures for cointegrating polynomial regressions, i.e., regression models including deterministic variables, integrated processes as well as integer powers of integrated processes as regressors. The regressors are allowed to be endogenous and the stationary errors are allowed to be serially correlated. We consider five variants of monitoring statistics and develop the results for three modified least squares estimators for the parameters of the CPRs. The simulations show that using the combination of self-normalization and a moving window leads to the best performance. We use the developed monitoring statistics to assess the structural stability of environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs) for both CO2 and SO2 emissions for twelve industrialized country since the first oil price shock.

Mirroring trends elsewhere in Southeast Asia, Cambodia has witnessed a pronounced shift towards stricter authoritarianism over recent years. The state appears more firmly ruled by prime minister Hun Sen than at any time during the past three decades, while the de facto status of the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) more closely resembles the single party regimes of neighboring states. One of the major tools of political control and expansion of authority employed by the hierarchical CPP network is the construction of major infrastructure projects, most notably hydropower dams and irrigation schemes. This article focuses attention on the hydraulic infrastructure aspects of exacting political authority and social control by the elite over the nation, drawing upon Wittfogelian perspectives for a conceptual framework. It maintains that Cambodia increasingly represents a modern variant of a hydraulic society, but primarily functions as a satellite hydraulic state of China. The growing influence of China over Cambodia’s hydraulic development has helped elevate Hun Sen to resemble a neo-classic hydraulic despot. Hydraulic society concepts help provide partial understanding of contemporary power relations and party-state ascendency, including the longevity and resilience of Hun Sen’s supremacy.

Science Field Shops (SFSs) are an example of a transdisciplinary educational commitment where farmers, scientists, and extension staff exchange knowledge on agrometeorology in dialogue form to better respond to climate change. How can scientists, farmers, and extension staff build up this transdisciplinary collaboration? How has the agrometeorological learning environment been institutionalized in several places in Indonesia? An interdisciplinary collaboration between agrometeorology and anthropology serves as basis for developing seven climate services that are provided in the SFSs. Through Knowledge Transfer and Communication Technologies, farmers have become active learners, researchers, and decision makers of their own responses to the consequences of climate change. Although such an approach proves efficient in improving the farmers’ knowledge and anticipation capability, the transdisciplinary collaboration with state authority needs to be overhauled to improve the process.

This article reviews the literature on the relationship between gender and ethnicity in Indonesia’s mining sector and outlines shortcomings and prospects for further research. Recent studies on mining and gender focus predominantly on women and how they are negatively affected by mining. Ethnicity, although a growing asset in struggles on environmental transformations, is hardly included in research on mining. The intertwinement of ethnicity and gender in elaborations on mining is often depicted in literature of development programs and environmental organizations in which indigenous women are homogenized as marginalized victims. We argue, however, for a multidimensional approach on mining that takes into account the institutionalization of gender and ethnicity in mining governance as well as the role of gender and ethnic identities. Feminist political ecology and institutional analysis are pointing the way for such an approach. Furthermore, other relevant categories such as class, age, or status should be considered in the analysis of the complex and multidimensional environmental transformations of the mining sector in Indonesia.

This article discusses how climate change causes an intensification of Western North Pacific typhoons and how the effects of such amplified typhoons upon the Philippines exemplify the concept of climate injustice. Using a political ecology approach, the article begins with an examination of the concepts of climate change, climate injustice, background injustice, and compound injustice. This is followed by an examination of the causes of typhoons, the vulnerability of the Philippines to typhoons, and how climate change may generate stronger typhoons. These stronger typhoons that may be produced by climate change, and the risks that they pose to the Philippines, are an example of climate injustice, while the legacy of colonial exploitation in the Philippines is an example of background injustice. The struggles faced by the Philippines in coping with climate change augmented typhoons are an example of compound injustice. The article concludes with a discussion of the reluctance of developed countries, such as Australia, Canada, and the United States, to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions notwithstanding the consequences these emissions have on countries such as the Philippines.

The purok system in the Philippines is promoted as a voluntary self-organization at the sub-village level which strengthens community resilience to natural hazards. In 2011, the system received the UN Sasakawa Award and gained prominence among the practitioner community. Based on a qualitative study in the municipality of San Francisco (Cebu province) from December 2014 to March 2015, the article elaborates on the achievements and challenges of the purok system. Striking merits encompass efficient and effective information dissemination and evacuation measurements between all levels of political administration that stem from the system's remarkable enforcement of human and social capital. This is underpinned by a clear determination of roles and responsibility that is subsumed under the concept of accountability. However, the purok system faces internal challenges of maintenance and implies profound conceptual ambiguities regarding the notion of voluntarism and capabilities that favor clientelism. Nevertheless, the purok system clearly distinguishes itself from conventional community-based disaster risk management practices and implies potentials that are highly beneficial for strengthening resilience in disaster prone areas.

The increasing penetration of global capitalism, ambitious development efforts, and related environmental change have significantly transformed Kalimantan and its indigenous population, commonly referred to as Dayak, during the last decades. This article analyzes these processes from a gendered perspective and explores how gender relations among the Dayak, who generally are characterized by well-balanced gender relations, have been influenced by what is commonly referred to as ‘development’. A review of the existing literature shows that new asymmetries between men and women are emerging mainly due to different ways of inclusion in new economic systems. Based on research among the Dayak Benuaq, the article shows that far-reaching gender equality has been so far upheld within Benuaq society while gender gets interwoven with an increasing variety of inequalities. I argue that in order to capture this complexity, research on the gendered impacts of development should a) aim for a better understanding of the intertwinement of gender with other aspects, such as ethnicity, class, age, or education, b) pay more attention to how these aspects play out in different contexts, and c) differentiate more clearly between gender ideals, norms, and actual practice.

Harrison, Rubinfeld (1978c) used a hedonic model to find out how house values were affected by air pollution in Boston, when other variables were taken into consideration. Their primary interest was in estimating willingness to pay for cleaner air. They chose to use 506 census tracts as units of observation because median house values for these units of aggregation were published in the 1970 census tabulations. Air pollution values from the model output, represented by nitrogen oxides (NOX), were available for 122 model output zones, of which only 96 fell within the study area defined by the chosen census tracts. These NOX values were then assigned proportionally to all census tracts falling within each model output zone. By re-aggregating the house value data to the 96 air pollution model output zones and re-fitting the regression model, the total impact of air pollution on house values, and thus the estimated willingness to pay, increases markedly. By extending the analysis to include spatially lagged independent variables, the total impact of air pollution on median house values, and consequently on the willingness to pay analysis, increases by over three times. Use of weighting to adjust the units of observation for the relative numbers of housing units behind each median house value further buttresses this conclusion. It is shown conclusively that the choice of observational units matters crucially for the estimation of economic parameters of interest in this data set.

Mediterranean countries play a crucial role as olive oil producers and consumers compared to other world regions. This work focusses on the development of the world production, trade and consumption where the Mediterranean region stands out from the rest of the world, in particular, the Northern Mediterranean countries. Aspects such as how communication emphasizes the benefits of the Mediterranean diet -which is a distinctive characteristic of the Mediterranean culture and identity- the Slow Food Movement, the International Olive Council campaigns, and the successive Common Agricultural Policies, that have triggered production, trade and consumption around the world, are here discussed. Such increases and stimuli brought and is still bringing changes to the olive oil sector such as a shifting tendency in production modes as well as modernization of the sector, responding to the increasing demand. These shifts and demand are changing landscapes and are being referred as environmentally harmful to the ecosystems as the production of olive oil is shifting to more intensive production systems and monoculture plantations. These issues are here debated and illustrated with case study examples, referring to the Mediterranean countries, particularly, referring to the Iberian Peninsula.

Die Nutzung von Treibstoffen aus Pflanzen wie Palmöl, Raps, Soja, Zuckerrohr, Weizen etc. (Agrartreibstoffe) wird in der EU seit der Jahrtausendwende systematisch verfolgt und seitdem wird auch erhebliche Kritik an dieser Politik laut. Umwelt- und Menschenrechtsgruppen sowie ExpertInnen kritisieren katastrophale Folgen für Mensch und Umwelt (Abholzung von Regenwald, Verlust von Biodiversität, Landkonflikte etc.), die die erwarteten CO2-Einsparungen ins Gegenteil verkehren und soziale Ungleichheit und Marginalisierung verstärken. Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den durch diese erhebliche Kritik ausverhandelten Nachhaltigkeitskriterien für Agrartreibstoffe auf EU-Ebene und diskutiert zentrale Probleme dieser Kriterien speziell an der Palmöl- und Agrartreibstoffproduktion in Südostasien (Malaysia und Indonesien). Zentrale Bereiche ökologischer und sozialer Nachhaltigkeit können durch das derzeitige Zertifizierungssystem nicht erfasst werden und Grundprobleme im Transportbereich werden nicht infrage gestellt.

"New forms of environmental governance, such as the green economy, premise reconfigurations of social relations and rearticulations of scale, which raise myriad questions for field researchers, not least of all, what actually constitutes 'the field', and where it is to be found. These questions - practical, methodological, political, and personal - are integral to research itself and can tell us much about the dynamic forms that social organization and emerging governance structures take in practice. This contribution discusses the methodological challenges associated with 'doing fieldwork' in the amorphous networks of an emerging environmental governance assemblage - the green economy. Drawing on my fieldwork in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, I argue that by interrogating the positionality of different actors in relation to this assemblage, while remaining critically reflexive about one's own role in this production, field researchers can capture something of the rich embodied practices through which knowledge is produced and exchanged. Moreover, this relational focus on networks of knowledge, actors, and policy can help us to explore the processes of translation and negotiation that underlie the implementation of new forms of environmental governance." (author's abstract)

"In Indonesia, as in many other countries of the global South, processes to formalize rights over land have been implemented with the intention to reduce deforestation, decrease poverty and increase tenure security. Literature on de jure processes of land formalization is widely available. There is a gap, however, on the discrepancy of de jure land titling procedures and de facto strategies to legitimize land claims. Led by the theoretical concepts of 'law as process' and 'politics of scale', this study closes this gap by analyzing the impact of national tenure formalization processes on de facto local patterns of land titling. Using empirical material from 16 villages in Jambi province, we show that the outcomes of the state-led land reforms and land tenure formalization processes are imitated and translated into locally feasible actions. We refer to these translation processes as 'mimicry of the legal'. The land formalization endeavors fostering mimicry of the legal allow for resource exploitation and rent-seeking behavior." (author's abstract)

"This article analyzes how the mining sector and anti-mining groups compete for mining outcomes in the Philippines. I argue that the transition to a neoliberal mineral regime has empowered the mining sector and weakened anti-mining groups by shifting the terrains of struggle onto the domains of state agencies and industry networks. Since the neoliberal era, the mining sector has come up with two strategies. First, technologies of subjection elevate various public institutions to elect and select the processes aimed at making the mining sector accountable and sensitive to the demands of local communities. However, they often refuse or lack the capacity to intervene effectively. Second, technologies of subjectivities allow a selective group of industry experts to single-handedly determine the environmental viability of mining projects. Mining consultants, specialists, and scientists chosen by mining companies determine the potential environmental damage on water bodies, air pollution, and soil erosion. Because of the mining capital's access to economic and legal resources, anti-mining communities across the Philippines have been forced to compete on an unequal terrain for a meaningful social dialogue and mining outcomes." (author's abstract)

The article aims at expanding political ecology research towards the role and constitution of states by demonstrating how local stateness is negotiated within conflicts over natural resources. It draws on a qualitative field study on the conflict over coal mining in East Kalimantan's capital Samarinda, Indonesia, where certain characteristics of states, such as the monopoly of violence and the rule of law, are being affirmed, altered, or undermined through practices of state and non-state actors alike. These practices do not only challenge state representations, but also reveal the symbolic importance of ideas about the state. The theoretical framework is developed on the basis of Joel S. Migdal's state in society approach together with a later work of Pierre Bourdieu and Philip Abrams' thoughts about the nature of states. (author's abstract)

"This article describes flood management in poor communities of Semarang, a second-tier city on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. Using ethnographic material from participant observation and interviews, the article argues that flood management upholds an ecological status quo - a socioecological system that perpetuates the potential of crisis and structures of vulnerability. While poor residents have developed coping mechanisms, such community efforts follow the logic of maintaining a precarious minimum of safety. Designed in 2009, Dutch-Indonesian anti-flood infrastructure (polder) is supposed to put an end to tidal flooding, locally called rob. As a short-term project, the polder promises to regulate water levels and improve the lives of local residents. While it wants to make flood control transparent and accountable to riverside communities, the project ultimately fails to escape the institutional logic of chronic crisis management. By investigating the temporality and politics of the polder project, this article aims at contributing empirical and theoretical insights to scholarship on socioecological conflicts and crisis." (author's abstract)

"Conflicts persist between forest dwelling communities and advocates of forest conservation. In Thailand, a community forestry bill and national park expansion initiatives leave little space for communities. The article analyzes the case of the predominantly ethnic Black Lahu village of Huai Lu Luang in Chiang Rai province that has resisted the threats posed by a community forestry bill and a proposed national park. The villagers reside on a national forest reserve and have no de jure rights to the land. This article argues, however, that through its network rooted in place and connected to an assemblage of civil society, local government, and NGOs, Huai Lu Luang has been able to stall efforts by the Thai government that would detrimentally impact their use of and access to forest resources. Their resistance is best understood not in isolation - as one victimized community resisting threats to their livelihoods - but in connection to place, through dynamic assemblages. A 'rooted' networks approach follows the connections and nodes of Huai Lu Luang's network that influence and aid the village's attempts to resist forest tenure reform." (author's abstract)

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Wahrnehmung verschiedener Umweltgefährdungen in Österreich und im internationalen Vergleich. Die zentrale Fragestellung ist, wie sich die Risikowahrnehmung über die Länder hinweg und innerhalb der Länder unterscheidet. Die Analyse basiert auf repräsentativen Bevölkerungsumfragen, die im Rahmen des International Social Survey Programme ISSP zwischen 2010 und 2013 in 34 Ländern erhoben wurden. Die empirische Analyse zeigt eine Differenzierung entlang Problemen, die mit naturräumlichen Gegebenheiten wie Wasserknappheit in Zusammenhang stehen, sowie sozial induzierten Alltagsproblemen wie Müllentsorgung und sozial bedingten weitreichenden Problemen wie Klimawandel und Atommüll. Naturräumliche Probleme werden vor allem in Ländern wie Mexiko und Südafrika genannt und können daher mit klimatischen Bedingungen erklärt werden, während die beiden sozial induzierten Problemfelder keinen spezifischen Ländergruppen zugeordnet werden können. Österreich selbst liegt im Mittelfeld, weder naturräumliche noch sozial induzierte Probleme werden hier überproportional häufig wahrgenommen." (Autorenreferat), "This article explores the perception of environmental problems in Austria within the context of a comparative international approach. The analysis centers on the question of differences in risk perception across countries and within countries. It utilizes representative national public opinion data, which were collected by the International Social Survey Programme ISSP in 34 countries between 2010 and 2013. The results indicate a differentiation along nature and climate oriented problems such as water shortage, socially induced everyday issues (for example waste disposal), and socially induced severe problems, i.e. climate change and nuclear waste. Whereas the first set of problems can be found in countries such as Mexico and South Africa and thus be explained by climate conditions, socially induced problems are not linked to specific sets of countries or regions. Finally, the Austrian perception of the different risks is moderate, thus neither natural problems nor socially induced problems are named disproportionately often when compared with other countries." (author's abstract)

Die soziale Akzeptanz ist mehrdimensional und umfasst soziale, politische, rechtliche, ökologische, technische und ökonomische Faktoren, die sich auf drei Akzeptanzebenen wieder finden: a) Sozio-politische Akzeptanz der Technologien und politischen Handlungen durch die Öffentlichkeit, zentraler EntscheidungsträgerInnen bzw. Stakeholder und PolitikerInnen; b) Lokale Akzeptanz, die durch Fragen des Vertrauens und der Gerechtigkeit geprägt ist; c) Marktakzeptanz, bei der die maßgeblichen Akteure die Betreibergesellschaften, Interessensvertretungen, InvestorInnen und KonsumentInnen sind. Die soziale Akzeptanz kann sich im Zeitverlauf sowohl positiv als auch negativ verändern und ist abhängig von einem komplexen Zusammenspiel individueller Präferenzen und gesellschaftlicher Wertvorstellungen. Die Akzeptanzforschung beschäftigt sich daher mit der Identifikation von Gründen zur Annahme (Akzeptanz) und Ablehnung (Nicht-Akzeptanz) der Windkrafttechnik. Darüber hinaus werden im Bereich des Akzeptanzmanagements Handlungen und Vorgehensweise identifiziert, die die Anerkennung (Legitimität) der Prozesse und getroffenen Entscheidungen bei Windparkprojekten erhöhen. Im Folgenden zeigen wir die wichtigsten Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt TransWind auf und besprechen Rahmenbedingungen der Entwicklung der Windkraft in Österreich. Es werden Schlüsselfaktoren der sozialen Akzeptanz identifiziert und sowohl bestehende als auch neue innovative Verbesserungsmaßnahmen diskutiert.

TransWind assessed the key patterns of social acceptance of wind energy in Austria on the basis of a participatory integrated assessment including modelling and visualisation efforts. In order to ensure acceptance, decision-making processes have to be reformed, justice sustained and thereby both input and output legitimacy enhanced. All of these factors need to be taken into account when engaging stakeholders and civil society in decision-making processes about the future wind energy infrastructure in Austria.

Social acceptance is considered to be a decisive factor for the development of wind energy. Surveys repeatedly show that while people support wind energy in general, specific wind farm projects often cause local opposition. Local resistance against wind energy cannot be explained by singular issues such as simple cost-benefit calculations, the public support for renewable energy sources, the implementation strategy of the developer, the number of wind turbines installed, the intensity of the turbine noise, the protection of local birds and animals, or the “not-in-my-backyard”-effect (Stadlober and Hahn 1998; Warren et al. 2005; Wolsink 2000, 2007a), although a very dominant influence seems to be the specific value of the landscape, the familiar surroundings and the habitat (Wolsink 2007b). Hence, the acceptance of wind energy depends on a complex set of individual and societal indicators, perceptions and preferences rooted in institutional and socio-political arrangements. The project’s approach was based on the concept of social acceptance (Wüstenhagen et al. 2007), which is composed of socio-political, market and community acceptance. Wüstenhagen et al. investigated spatial planning and financial procurement systems to assess socio-political acceptance, market innovation, consumer and investors behaviour to explain market acceptance, procedural and distributional justice and trust to contribute to the understanding of community acceptance. The three levels of acceptance do interact, have main actors associated and are influenced by their interactions and contributing expectations. We recur to this triangle model because it provides a broad holistic framework widely recognised not only in a scientific but also in a practical context. TransWind established a conceptual and methodological reliable participatory integrated assessment in order to test various factors of social acceptance. On a macro scale the integrated assessment was based on semi-structured interview