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Enigmatic is a word that often comes up in discussions about Proterozoic molar tooth carbonate structures (MTS). But when unusual features such as these are common in rocks of a particular age, there is almost always an important message waiting to be discovered. In this case, the observed temporal patterns for MTS likely track first-order trends in evolving compositions in the oceans during Earth’s middle history when CO in the atmosphere and carbonate saturation in the ocean were high but declining and oxygen (O) in the ocean-atmosphere system was on the rise. A new paper by Tang et al. (this volume) gives us a new way to think about MTS origins, and nested within their model are wide ranging implicit and explicit linkages to Earth surface evolution as life was becoming more complex in a slow march toward the world we know today.