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This paper presents the physical characteristics of the soils in different terroir units from Romania it is a guide for soil characterization as a fundamental factor of a terroir. The soil's physical characteristics (texture, edaphic useful volume, gleyzation and stagnogleyzation processes), are ecological factors in the growth and development of the production of vine. Contents of clay < 0,002 mm, soil reaction and CaCO3 content are the main characteristics which influence plant, and they together with the processes generated by ground and stagnant water give rise to asphyxiation chlorosis ferro-calcium and salinization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania still depends largely on crude oil for income earnings. Crude oil spillage is also a very common problem in the country. There is therefore a need for continuous research on the problems associated with pollution resulting from spillage and its effects on the soil environment which has a negative impact on crop growth on it. There are a variety of pollutants affecting soil and subsoil, such as fuel and oil products, hydrocarbon residues, crude oil, other products resulting from the operation (saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and the monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic). These types of products (mainly hydrocarbons) have a harmful risk, affecting the quality of groundwater, which becomes unfit for use for a long time (drinking water, irrigation and different industrial uses). It also poses risks to human health, biological environment and vegetation, aromatic compounds having a strong feature of mutagenic and carcinogenic and, not least, affect the environment security, presenting risks of explosion and fire, when the floating oil reach the ground water in the basement of various buildings. The case study was achieved at Perisoru, Braila county, in an area polluted by crude oil criminal drilling in a transport pipeline. This study includes: presentation of the area, the main morphological features, physical, agrochemical and microbiological characteristics of soil samples collected from polluted area and the soil profile ofthe maximum pollution compared with those of uncontaminated soil in the vicinity of the polluted area, the dynamics of pollutant migration depth of soil profile horizons depending on the sequence and genetic characteristics and the degree of pollutant loading. The paperpresents the results obtained for petroleum fractions in soil samples polluted with crude oil. The conclusion ofthe case study investigated in the crude oil polluted area was that the physico-chemical and biological characteristics make chernozem a good environment for biodegradation process, if they occur in order to optimize the factors that control the bioremediation process. Without the application of pedo-ameliorative measures to stimulate biodegradation and specific return as state of land before the pollution occurrence, would occur very slowly, self-cleaning process requiring unacceptable periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution caused by crude oil is the most prevalent problem in the environment. The release of crude oil into the environment by oil spills is receiving worldwide attention. Crude oil products represent the one of the most common environmental contaminant / pollutant. Most oil pollution sources are anthropogenic, but there are also some natural sources. Common sources of these products are motor fuel station underground storage tanks, home and commercial heating oil storage tanks, fuel distribution centers, refineries, crude oil production sites and accidental spills. There is evidenced that some organisms, such as high-class plants are able to degrade hydrocarbons and can penetrate the soil. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. It includes an aliphatic fraction, an aromatic fraction, asphaltenes, and resins. The effect of crude oil pollution on physical and chemical characteristics of soil was investigated by achieving a case study in Perisoru, Braila County. It has been achieved a profile until 120 cm and 3 soundings until 60 cm from where soil samples were collected according to the methodology and analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics point of view. In case of physical analysis, the values obtained for granulometric fractions were not influenced by the presence of crude oil. Results obtained showed variation in chemical properties of soil. Organic carbon increased from 2.23% for an unpolluted soil to 5.51% in polluted soil. C/N ratios increased from 13 for an unpolluted soil to 21 in polluted soil. Mobile phosphorous and potassium registered in polluted soil similar values with the one characteristic for unpolluted soil. Crude oil at high pollution levels inhibited the growth of crops. Because high concentrations (>1%) of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil have demonstrated phytotoxic properties, as well as the uncertainty about the fate and transport of high concentrations of petroleum in soils and upon human health, the specific fuel nondefault closure levels have maximum limits applied. It is generally recognized that the toxicity, (human and environmental), of petroleum products increases as the molecular weights of the compounds decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil classification system SRTS-2012, in use in Romania since 2013, was made correlated with the previous most recent two systems - SRCS-1980 (used in the period 1980-2002) and SRTS-2003 (used in the period 2003-2012). For that correlation, related to the diagnostic and taxonomic elements (terms) existing in SRTS-2012, some new terms and some modified terms were defined. In order to obtain accurate translation of the terms of the previous systems, three ways were used: (i) previous systems' terms having corresponding current system terms with negligible definition differences are directly translated into these corresponding standard SRTS-2012 terms, (ii) previous systems' terms having corresponding current system terms with non-negligible definition differences are translated into "modified" SRTS-2012 terms (variants of the corresponding terms) and (iii) previous systems' terms without appropriate corresponding current system terms are translated into new-defined terms. The previous systems' terms may be translated into one corresponding term or into a combination of terms, respectively a soil described in a previous system may be translated into a soil association. The opportunity of that correlation was used to introduce new terms for other needs: description of the "land conditions" (relief, hydrology and climate) and "association modes" (frequency, weighting) of soils, description of the "non-soil" areas to be represented on soil maps and other soil characterisations. A notation (specialised language) for mnemonic formalised description of soils is used to provide clear and unambiguous term translation and soil association definition. For that, mnemonic symbols (suggestive abbreviations easy to remember) are defined for each term. The SRTS-2012 soil classification system supplemented with the modified terms and the new terms defined as above (of which the main are given in the paper) is referred as the "SRTS-2012+" soil classification system, which totally has the following structure of diagnostic and taxonomic elements: 65 diagnostic horizons, 24 diagnostic properties, 11 diagnostic parent materials, 12 soil classes, one class of non-soils, 38 soil types, five non-soil types, 117 soil qualifiers, 13 non-soil qualifiers, 14 specifiers for soil characteristics, 61 soil particular characteristics and 306 other low level qualifiers (for defining the varieties, species, families, variants, land conditions and association modes of soils and non-soils). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]