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Cell migration and invasion were measured by wound-healing (e) and Transwell assays (f) in the presence or absence of LY294002. g Western blotting analysis of the expression of p-AKT, p-PI3K, total AKT and total PI3K. 6AGK stimulates the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. a KEGG analysis was conducted to identify the pathways activated by AGK overexpression in RCC. b MTT assay, c colony formation assay and d flow cytometric analysis of the proliferation of the indicated RCC cells in the presence or absence of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Correction: Acylglycerol kinase promotes tumour growth and metastasis via activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK3 signalling pathway in renal cell carcinoma. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The source of SAN is debated among researchers. Many studies have shown that RA and Wnt signaling are involved in heart development. In this study, we investigated the role of retinoic acid (RA) and Wnt signaling in the induction of sinus node-like cells. Methods: The experimental samples were divided into four groups: control group (CHIR = 0), CHIR = 3, RA + CHIR = 0 andRA + CHIR = 3. After 20 days of differentiation, Western blot, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were performed to identify sinus node-like cells. Finally, whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record pacing funny current and action potential (AP) in four groups. Results: The best intervention method used in our experiment was RA = 0.25 µmol/L D5-D9 + CHIR = 3 µmol/L D5-D7. Results showed that CHIR can increase the expression of ISL-1 and TBX3, while RA mainly elevated Shox2. Immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry further illustrated that combining RA with CHIR can induce sinus node-like cells (CTNT+Shox2+Nkx2.5−). Moreover, CHIR might reduce the frequency of cell beats, but in conjunction with RA could partly compensate for this side effect. Whole cell patch clamps were able to record funny current and the typical sinus node AP in the experimental group, which did not appear in the control group. Conclusions: Combining RA with Wnt signaling within a specific period can induce sinus node-like cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]