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Background: Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Persons with diabetes are at increased risk for serious complications including CVD, stroke, retinopathy, amputation, and nephropathy. Minorities have the highest incidence and prevalence of diabetes and related complications compared to other racial groups. Preventive care practices such as smoking cessation, eye examinations, feet examinations, and yearly checkups can prevent or delay the incidence and progression of diabetes related complications. The purpose of this study was to examine racial/ethnic differences in diabetes preventive care practices by several socio-demographic characteristics including social class. Methods: Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey for 1998-2001 were used for analyses. The study population consisted of persons who indicated having diabetes on the BRFSS, 35 yrs and older, and Non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, or Hispanic persons. Logistic regression was used in analyses. Results: Contrary to our hypotheses, Blacks and Hispanics engaged in preventive care more frequently than Whites. Whites were less likely to have seen a doctor in the previous year, less likely to have had a foot exam, more likely to smoke, and less likely to have attempted smoking cessation. Persons of lower social class were at greatest risk for not receiving preventive care regardless of race/ethnicity. Persons with no health care coverage were twice as likely to have not visited the doctor in the previous year and twice as likely to have not had an eye exam, 1.5 times more likely to have not had a foot exam or attempted smoking cessation. Conclusion: This study showed that persons of lower social class and persons with no health insurance are at greatest risk for not receiving preventive services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the United States, over one-third of premature cardiac deaths occur outside of a hospital, without any transport prior to death. Transport prior to death is a strong, valid indicator of help-seeking behavior. We used national vital statistics data to examine social and demographic predictors of risk of no transport prior to cardiac death. We hypothesized that persons of lower social class, immigrants, non-metropolitan residents, racial/ethnic minorities, men, and younger decedents would be more likely to die prior to transport. Methods: Our study population consisted of adult residents of the United States, aged 25 to 64 years, who died from heart disease during 1999-2000 (n = 242,406). We obtained transport status from the place of death variable on the death certificate. The independent effects of social and demographic predictor variables on the risk of a cardiac victim dying prior to transport vs. the risk of dying during or after transport to hospital were modeled using logistic regression. Results: Results contradicted most of our a priori hypotheses. Persons of lower social class, immigrants, most non-metropolitan residents, and racial/ethnic minorities were all at lower risk of dying prior to transport. The greatest protective effect was found for racial/ethnic minority decedents compared with whites. The strongest adverse effect was found for marital status: the risk of dying with no transport was more than twice as high for those who were single (OR 2.35; 95% CI 2.29-2.40) or divorced (OR 2.29; 95% CI 2.24-2.34), compared with married decedents. Geographically, residents of the Western United States were at a 47% increased risk of dying prior to transport compared with residents of the metropolitan South. Conclusion: Our results suggest that marital status, a broad marker of household structure, social networks, and social support, is more important than social class or race/ethnicity as a predictor of access to emergency medical services for persons who suffer an acute cardiac event. Future research should focus on ascertaining "event histories" for all acute cardiac events that occur in a community, with the goal of identifying the residents most susceptible to cardiac fatalities prior to medical intervention and transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]