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Background: The ABCG2 rs2231142 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is one of the most significant genetic variants associated with hyperuricemia (HUA) in Asian populations. However, the risk of ABCG2 rs2231142 variants for HUA could interact with other important HUA risk variants and cardiovascular factors. This study investigated the effects of the combined association among ABCG2 rs2231142 and multiple HUA genetic variants or cardiovascular risk factors on HUA risk and serum uric acid (sUA) levels in an elderly Chinese population. Methods: A total of 1206 participants over 65 years old were enrolled in this study. Physical and laboratory examinations were performed for all participants. The ABCG2 rs2231142, SLC2A9 rs3733591, and SLC22A12 rs893006 SNPs were assayed using a standardized protocol. Logistic regression analysis and liner regression were adjusted respectively to account for the association between ABCG2 rs2231142 and other genetic variants, as well as between cardiovascular risk factors and HUA risk and sUA levels. Results: The prevalence of HUA was 14.71% in the elderly community-dwelling population. The ABCG2 rs2231142 risk T allele was associated with HUA risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–2.11; p = 1.65 × 10− 4) and with increased sUA levels (Beta = 0.16, p = 6.75 × 10− 9) in the whole study population. Linear regression analysis showed that the mean sUA level increased linearly with the number of risk alleles of the three candidate genetic variants (Beta = 0.18, p = 1.94 × 10− 12) The joint effect of the ABCG2 rs2231142 T allele and cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia) was also associated with increased HUA risk and sUA levels. Each copy of the risk T allele was significantly associated with enhanced HUA risk in patients with hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.33–4.60; p = 0.003) compared to controls. Conclusion: Our findings reinforce the importance of the ABCG2 rs2231143 variant as a crucial genetic locus for HUA in Chinese populations and demonstrated the combined effects of multiple genetic risk variants and cardiovascular risk exposures on HUA risk and increased sUA level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the limitations for ranking foods and meals for healthiness on the basis of the glycaemic index (GI) is that the GI is subject to manipulation by addition of fat. Postprandial lipemia, defined as a rise in circulating triglyceride containing lipoproteins following consumption of a meal, has been recognised as a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Many non-modifiable factors (pathological conditions, genetic background, age, sex and menopausal status) and life-style factors (physical activity, smoking, alcohol and medication use, dietary choices) may modulate postprandial lipemia. The structure and the composition of a food or a meal consumed also plays an important role in the rate of postprandial appearance and clearance of triglycerides in the blood. However, a major difficulty in grading foods, meals and diets according to their potential to elevate postprandial triglyceride levels has been the lack of a standardised marker that takes into consideration both the general characteristics of the food and the food's fat composition and quantity. The release rate of lipids from the food matrix during digestion also has an important role in determining the postprandial lipemic effects of a food product. This article reviews the factors that have been shown to influence postprandial lipemia with a view to develop a novel index for ranking foods according to their healthiness. This index should take into consideration not only the glycaemic but also lipemic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]