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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder, is closely linked to persistent low-grade inflammation, significantly contributing to its development and progression. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the inflammatory mechanisms underlying T2DM, focusing on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in mediating inflammatory responses. We discuss the therapeutic potential of IL-1 inhibitors and colchicine, highlighting their mechanisms in inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing IL-1β production. Recent studies indicate that these agents could effectively mitigate inflammation, offering promising avenues for the prevention and management of T2DM. By exploring the intricate connections between metabolic disturbances and chronic inflammation, this review underscores the need for novel anti-inflammatory strategies to address T2DM and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-interleukin-1 therapeutics, including IL-1 antibodies, interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1 Ras) and IL-1 inhibitors, for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) treatment. Methods: Databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science and CENTRAL) and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of anti-interleukin-1 therapeutics from inception to August 31, 2022. The outcomes were the mean change in pain and function scores and the risk of adverse effects (AEs). Results: In the 12 studies included, anti-interleukin-1 therapeutics were superior to placebo in terms of pain relief (standardized mean difference [SMD] = − 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] = − 1.82 to − 0.40, p < 0.001, I2 = 77%) and functional improvement (SMD = − 1.11, 95% CI = − 1.82 to − 0.40, p = 0.002, I2 = 96%). The incidence of any AE (risk ratio [RR] = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.88–1.18, p < 0.001, I2 = 76%) was higher following treatment with anti-interleukin-1 therapeutics than placebo, while no significant difference was found in the incidence of serious AEs (SAEs) or discontinuations due to AEs. Subgroup analyses showed that IL-1 antibodies and the IL-1 inhibitor provided pain relief (IL-1 antibodies: SMD = − 0.61, 95% CI = − 0.92 to − 0.31, p < 0.001; IL-1 inhibitor: SMD = − 0.39, 95% CI = − 0.72 to − 0.06, p = 0.02, I2 = 74.0%) and functional improvement (IL-1 antibodies: SMD = − 1.75, 95% CI = − 2.10 to − 1.40, p < 0.001; IL-1 inhibitor: SMD = − 0.28, 95% CI = − 0.83 to 0.27, p = 0.31, I2 = 88%) superior to those of placebo, whereas IL-1 Ras did not. However, the IL-1 inhibitor increased the incidence of any AE (RR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.92–1.98, p < 0.001, I2 = 85%) but not the risk of SAEs or discontinuations due to AEs. IL-1 antibodies and IL-1 Ras showed no difference in safety compared with placebo. Conclusions: Anti-interleukin-1 therapeutics could relieve OA-related pain and improve function, but is probably associated with an increased risk of adverse events. Specially, IL-1 antibodies and an IL-1 inhibitor could relieve OA-related pain and improve function, whereas IL-1 Ras could not. IL-1 antibodies and IL-1 Ras were relatively safe options, but IL-1 inhibitors were associated with safety concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors have been increasingly used for treating autoinflammatory diseases during the last 10 years, but the spectrum of their possible side effects is not yet fully known. Here, we bring physicians' attention to a new severe complication of IL-1 inhibitors, manifesting as a probable drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in two patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]