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Purpose: Status epilepticus (SE) has been considered an epileptogenic factor in humans. in the pilocarpine (PILO) model, after a brief period marked by SE, the rats exhibit recurrent spontaneous seizures, mimicking the clinical features of temporal lobe epilepsy. the aim of our study was to identify the molecular actions of PILO that could account for its ability to induce SE.Methods: Whole-cell mode of the patch-clamp technique was applied to cultured hippocampal neurons (2-3 weeks old) in the absence and in the presence of PILO (1-10 muM), to study the spontaneous activity, the evoked, and the miniature postsynaptic currents. the postsynaptic currents were isolated pharmacologically.Results: PILO (1 and 10 muM) caused an initial increase followed by a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous activity. the increase in the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and inhibitory PSCs (IPSCs) was blocked by atropine (1 muM), indicating that this effect is mediated through muscarinic receptors. PILO also promoted a brief increase of the amplitude of IPSCs indirectly evoked by stimulation of a neuron synaptically connected to the neuron under study. Conversely, PILO promoted a sustained increase on the amplitude of electrically evoked EPSCs. in presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 300 nM), PILO (1 muM) increased the frequency of miniature EPSCs and IPSCs without changing their amplitude during the first 3 min of application.Conclusions: These results indicate that PILO acting through muscarinic receptor causes an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory transmission that can result in the generation of SE observed in animals acutely treated with PILO. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, São Paulo, Brazil Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Expt Therapeut, Baltimore, MD USA UFRJ, Ctr Ciencias Saude, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Farmacol Basica & Clin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, São Paulo, Brazil Web of Science