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A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. It discusses the history of popular music in the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. Due to the influx of foreign-born laborers in the area during World War I, many musicians from New Orleans, Louisiana came and introduced ragtime and jazz. The opening of the Regal Theater, which attracted the crowds from the Metropolitan and State Street, led to the popularity of theaters, ballrooms and clubs.

An encyclopedia entry for slavery is presented. It refers to the enforced deprivation of the liberty of individuals or groups in order that they may be exploited by a dominant society. Slave labor was used for 3,000 years by Mesopotamian city-states. Particular focus is given to the scale of enslavement during Roman times. There were commercial motives in making slaves dance, sing or play music on deck. Great Britain became a dominant force in the slave trade during the seventeenth century. Also included are slavery in various parts of the world.

An encyclopedia entry for migration and diffusion in popular music is presented. It is stated that migration has influenced the character and history of popular music in many ways, involving not only transference of musical instruments, styles and genres from one place to another, but also dispersal across a wide range of places.

An encyclopedia entry about song collecting and its relation with the documentation of popular music is presented. The collection of songs by traditional performers is done through direct notation from live performance in the field. Song collecting is defined as the finding and documenting of songs from traditional performers. "Reliques of Ancient English Poet," by Thomas Percy is credited as the first song collection.

An encyclopedia entry for shape-note singing is presented. Shape-note refers to a system of musical notation that allows choirs and congregations with no formal musical education to sing in tune. The solmization syllables are represented by various shapes such as rectangles and triangles. Four syllables are used in shape-note singing. There were opposition to the four-syllable, four-shape-note system. Shape-note singing is popular in U.S. southern states including Alabama, Georgia and Kentucky.

An encyclopedia entry for medicine shows and their relation to popular music is presented. Medicine shows are defined as traveling entertainments used to attract crowds for the purpose of selling cure-all medicines, nostrums and tonics. Sellers of medicines and ointments have been known to have traded in the streets, at markets and in fairs. It is indicated that majority of rural musicians have been employed by the high-pitch and low-pitch doctor shows.

An encyclopedia entry for Jubilee Singers and their relation to popular music is presented. The term refers to groups of African Americans who performed traditional spiritual and slave songs. The Fisk Jubilee Singers, which was formed by Fisk University students who were hoping to raise money for facilities through their singing, was the original company. According to composer Theo F. Seward, the notation of the jubilee songs is the only indication that exists of the choir's power.

An encyclopedia entry for the recoding company Paramount is presented. The Port Washington, Wisconsin-based recording company was established by the New York recording Laboratories in 1916. Recordings made by the company were considered by early blues music as the most excellent because of the quality of music.

An encyclopedia entry for songsheet covers is presented. It discusses the history of publishing of ballads and "heart songs" in Europe including the earliest songsheet illustrations. It states that the earliest songsheet illustrations were drawn by professional engravers on copperplate and supplanted by the cheaper steel plate by 1824. Folded and folioed songsheets became increasingly popular as well as those with more animated lettering and foliated borders.

A definition of the term "nostalgia" in popular music is presented. It refers to a form of melancholy associated with detachment from one's home or country. The word is derived from the Greek nostis, or return, and algos, or pain. Although there has been little research on the subject, it would appear that songs of longing and of regret for the loss of home-life are common to societies of every period and in many parts of the world, according to the entry.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It presents the history of popular music in Jackson, Mississippi. It states that Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the nation attracted many African Americans including blues singers from neighboring countries. Farish Street became the main focus for the African-American community. H.C. Speir acted as recording talent scout and was responsible for the recording of many blues artists.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It explores the development of popular music in the MIssissippi Delta. Since the state's cotton plantations were based on African American labor during the Reconstruction period, music developed as work songs, street ballads and after-work dance beats. Furthermore, most musicians during the period came from plantations.

An encyclopedia entry about book and its relation to popular music is presented. Book refers to a collection of standard themes which constitute the basic repertoire of a band or orchestra. Violinist John Robichaux acquired more than 7,000 books. Based on the entry, the term book was later on used to denote a repertoire even if there is not book.

An encyclopedia entry about the khalam, a kind of lute used in the savanna regions of West Africa, is presented. The instrument is associated with Wolof musicians in Senegal. The khalam has a body that is as long as the exposed portion of the rod-like neck. The khalam has four types and their main difference is the depth of carving of the wood from which the hollow body or resonator of the instrument is made.

A definition of the term "cowbell" is presented. It refers to a form of clapper bell that is customarily attached to a leather strap and suspended from the neck of herd animals such as cows or sheep. They are being used as a rhythm instrument in African-American folk bands, where the cowbell is usually attached to a washboard or incorporated in the traps of a drumkit.

An encyclopedia entry for the quasi-musical instrument, kazoo is presented. The instrument, which is defined as a mirliton, closely resembles a small horn and is small in size, being about 7 inches in length and little more than 1 inch at the widest point. The instrument, which can be compared to trumpet and trombone, involves vocalization without the use of the lips, but growls and rasps, as well as throat singing. A kazoo is often used in folk bands.

An encyclopedia entry for spoons as musical instruments is presented. Pairs of spoons were often played as a rhythm instrument by street entertainers and in rural music in the U.S. and Great Britain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Because of it being louder and more staccato, spoons are used as an alternative to the bones. Musicians play the spoons by holding them between the extended fingers, generally of the right hand, so that the bowls were free to make contact when vibrated by wrist action.

An encyclopedia entry for picking bow or mouth bow, a string music instrument, is presented. According to many musicologists, the musical instrument is usually made specifically for its musical purpose, though it was regarded as a hunting bow used as a plucked musical instrument. The mouth bow is similar to the hunting bow and is made by tapering wooden held in tension arc by a cord fastened at a notch at each end. The instrument produces three harmonic chords and its sound may be modified by the mouth and labial movements.

A definition of the term "found instruments" is presented. The term may be classed as those natural phenomena and manufactured artifacts that have been used for their musical potential. Found objects of diverse kinds have also been used as musical instruments, with minimal modification or adaptation. During the early 1830s, household utensils have become instruments played in rural bands and even on the professional stage.

An encyclopedia entry for "ring shout/ring shouting" is presented. Ring shouts were ostensibly religious. They were recorded in the Georgia Sea Islands as part of a project to maintain old traditions. It is a form of dancing in African, where the circled formed by dancers served to define and possess space. The word "shout" has been applied to ecstatic dancing and singing. But in the work of African-American scholars, the ring shout has taken on enhanced significance in discussions or survivals and essences.

An encyclopedia entry for "street cries" is presented. The term "street cry" refers to a form of call developed for the purpose of attracting customers to purchase commodities from a vendor. Street cries have been incorporated into popular songs since they are also considered a form of popular singing. Particular focus is given to the history of street cries. "Cherry Ripe," "Sweet Lavender," and "Cockels and Mussels" are some examples of popular songs that incorporated street cries.

An encyclopedia entry for whistling is presented. It refers to an oral sound produced by forcing exhaled air through pursed lips between the tongue and the teeth or between fingers inserted in the mouth. In the nineteenth century, whistling was reflected in minstrel and ragtime themes, such as Sam Devere's "Whistling Coon." An example of whistled solos in the 1930s was "Where the Blue of the Night," by Bing Crosby. Some blues singers used whistling.

A definition of the term "holler/hollering" in popular music is presented. The term "holler" is said to have originated from North America, and to be a dialect form of the earlier hallo or halloo--used since the early eighteenth century to urge hunting dogs in the chase. The term may also be derived from the greeting "hallo," "halloah" or, in its current form, "hello." In music, hollers were assumed to be the antecedents of the blues.

An encyclopedia entry for the term "call" is presented. In music terms, it is a vocal form of address to a distant person or animal, which is frequently pitched high and without the harshness of a shout. These are a vital form of communication before the advent of the telephone and other machines. Calls are made with exhaled air, using the roof of the mouth to project the sound.

A definition of the term "busking" in music is presented. It was originally a cant or underworld term used by pirates and others who seek illicit gains from evil practices. Busking referred to the selling of obscene books and song sheets in public houses and inns especially in London, England. The term was also used to describe vagrants or street entertainers held in low regard.

A definition of the term "troubarour" is presented. It is a term that has been used mostly in popular music to describe a performer with an attractive manner often itinerant and self-accompanied or a small band of accomplished musicians with similar appeal. It was derived from the term "trobar" a dialect term meaning to invent or compose. The article also adds that the title of first troubadour is often assigned to Duke William IX of Aquitaine, seventh Count of Poitiers.

A definition of the term "songster" is presented. The term has been used in Howard Odum's words, to denote any Negro who regularly sings or makes songs. Another term used related to the term is "music physicianer" and "musicaner." The term was used widely in the 1960s in reference to singers who had as a broad repertoire of songs as was expected by those who buy songbooks of the same name.

An encyclopedia entry for the popular music terminology "street musician" is presented. It refers to one who sings and plays a musical instrument in the street. Occasionally, the concept of the street musician contrasts with those of the professional and legitimate amateur musician. The term street musician can carry with it pejorative implications of impoverishment and an inferior status.

An encyclopedia entry for lineup in popular music is presented. Lineup frequently refers to the full personnel of a band or orchestra. It is noted that the term appears to have risen from the conjunction of the presentation of the members of the band and the similar presentation of band members to an audience. The term lineup has continued to be applied to a published personnel for discographical purposes.

An encyclopedia entry for the one-man band and its relation to popular music is presented. It is the term frequently applied to a solo musician who plays two or more instruments simultaneously. It is noted that most one-man bands, including Weldon Bonner and Daddy Stovepipe, played three instruments, usually harmonica, guitar and drums. Rashaan Roland Kirk is the only jazz musician who is described as a multi-instrumentalist.

An encyclopedia entry about Document, a music recording label in Austria, is presented. The company was founded in 1990. Its main producer Johnny Parth has decided to terminate the release of long-playing records following the emergence of compact discs. Parth then remastered and repackaged his issues on Document compact discs. Document also released a series of Library of Congress recordings.

An encyclopedia entry for the U.S. record label Bluebird is presented. It served as a subsidiary of the Victor company and was initiated in 1933 as a budget label. It is noted that for a time, the Bluebird catalog largely featured former Victor music releases by bestselling artists. The record label was popular among the blues audience because of its excellent sound quality.

An encyclopedia entry for circuit is presented. Although the term 'circuit' can pertain to the circumference of an area or a progression about a district or region, its application to popular music may have arisen from judicial and religious uses. Often consisting a handful of theaters only, the circuit was a response to the post-Reconstruction demand for entertainment in the rapidly growing towns of the prairie and western states. In the Midwest, for example, the Chicagoans George Castle and Charles F. Kohl established the Kohl & Castle Circuit.

An encyclopedia entry about popular music field recordings is presented. Field recordings refer to sound recordings made in the normal performance site or locality of the musicians as opposed to in a recording studio. Jesse Walter Fewkes, an anthropologist at Harvard University, was the first person in the world to make a field recording. UNESCO pushed the trend toward coordinated field recordings.

An encyclopedia entry about the diddley-bow, an improvised one-stringed frequently used by blues guitarists in Mississippi and adjacent states, is presented. The instrument features a length of cotton-baling wire, broom wire, hay-baling wire or a similar thin metal strand to a wall or a wooden fence. There are various kinds of African one-stringed instruments that may have been precursors of the diddley-bow.

An encyclopedia entry about the bullroarer, one of the longest-surviving artifacts that can be considered as musical instruments, is presented. The bullroarer features a thin, flat piece of bone or a slat of wood, which elliptical in shape and pierced at one end. The instrument has been used for ritual purposes and initiation ceremonies.

An encyclopedia entry for the calliope is presented. It refers to a type of organ that is steam-activated rather than wind-generated by bellows. In principle, this mechanism is a logical extension of the steam whistle that was used on North American locomotives in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A multiplepiped calliope was introduced by A. S. Denny in the mid-1850s.

A definition of the term "jug" is presented. It refers to an improvised instrument in the form of a domestic vessel that is employed as a bass instrument. The jug produces a booming sound, which is given timbre by forcing the breath through tight lips, sometimes referred to as spitting, although no saliva is emitted. Other vessels have also been used for this purpose such a metal kerosene can, with a kazoo mounted on the handle as an alternative mirliton.

An encyclopedia entry for washboard as a musical instrument is presented. The washboard was intentionally created for scrubbing clothes in the Western world. It is made from a corrugated wood or metal platen, usually with legs that stand in a washtub. However, in the nineteenth century, African-American women sang rubbing songs to the soft rhythms of scrubbing, which may have provoked young boys seeking a rhythm instrument to adapt it.

An encyclopedia entry for the percussion instrument, rattle is presented. The instrument is an idiophone with loose elements that strike the main body, either internally or externally. It is generally used to produce a rapidly repeated and sharp sound. It is often made of wood or other hard natural materials. The many types of rattles can be classified under vessel or receptacle type, which is made from a gourd or other container which may have beans of shells inside that vibrate against the wall of the vessel when it is shaken.

A definition of the term "bones" is presented. It refers to simple found instruments associated with minstrelsy. The bones players in particular were noted for their accomplished rhythms and expert flourishes. Famous among them is Joe Murphy, who became a popular bones player of the west coast. These form of instruments were played as a rhythm instrument in British music halls and in U.S. country bands.

An encyclopedia entry for the popular music terminology "spasm band" is presented. It refers to groups of children who played improvised instruments on the street, particularly in New Orleans, Louisiana in the 1920s and 1930s. The spasm band have frequently been referred to by jazz writers as spasm bands. The Razzy Dazzy Spasm Band is a group of white children assembled in New Orleans by Emil Lacoume, who was then aged 12.

An encyclopedia entry for the popular music terminology "washboard band" is presented. It refers to the novelty value of the washboard used as an instrument, for the band that has more than one washboard player. The washboard bands formed by pianist Clarence Williams, together with Floyd Casey on the boards, did much to popularize the washboard instrument (1927-37).

An encyclopedia entry for the jug band and its relation to popular music is presented. It is noted that only one jug player is usually included in a jug band, and he uses the jug as a bass rhythm instrument. Whistler's Jug Band of Louisville, Kentucky is the earliest group on record. Meanwhile, a number of jazz records have been made by musician Clarence Williams with his Seven Gallon Jug Band.

An encyclopedia entry about Yazoo, a reissue record label that was devised and managed by Nick Perls, is presented. Belzona Records issued the initial five long-playing discs of Yazoo. The name of the record label was inspired by the Yazoo river, which was immortalized on the U.S. map as the boundary of the Mississippi Delta. At first, Belzona/Yazoo issues were devoted to miscellaneous collections of classic items recorded in or representative of states like Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia.

An encyclopedia entry for U.S. record company Gennett Records is presented. The record label is owned by the Starr Piano Co. which is based in Richmond, Indiana. It took its name from Henry Gennett and his sons, who had operated the Starr Piano Co. In 1922, Gennett recorded the New Orleans Rhythm Kings and King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band.

An encyclopedia entry for the U.S. record label Arhoolie is presented. It refers to the record label named after a form of field holler, founded by Chris Strachwitz in 1960, based on recordings made earlier in the year on a field trip in the South. Among the first recordings of the label were by Mance Lipscomb and by Lightnin' Hopkins. It also has a compilation of Louisiana Cajun and zydeco music.

A definition of the term "chapbook" is presented. It refers to a small publication, suitable for the pocket, often published and sold by ballad printers and broadside sellers. It usually consist of eight or 16 pages and were often printed as simple songbooks. It was thought to have been first printed in the early sixteenth century, and were purchased from the printer at a rate such as 13 for ninepence, and were sold by the chapman for a penny each.