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Abstract Introduction Since the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with TDF plus 3TC plus EFV, this specific regimen has not been studied enough with long-term lipid and uric acid monitoring. Methods A prospective follow-up cohort study was performed. Sixty-one treatment-naive male patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were divided into three groups based on their baseline CD4+ cell count (26, 12, and 23 patients in the 350 groups, respectively). The lipid and purine metabolism parameters of the patients over 144 weeks were analyzed. Result Within 144 weeks, TG, LDL-c, TC and HDL-c gradually increased, especially TC and HDL-c (P = 0.001, 0.000, respectively). Moreover, the percentages of hyper-cholesterolemia, hyper LDL cholesterolemia, hyper-triglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterolemia also gradually increased, especially low HDL cholesterolemia significantly increased (P = 0.0007). The lower the baseline CD4+ cell counts were, the higher the TG levels and the lower the TC, LDL-c and HDL-c levels were. But there was significant difference of only baseline LDL-c levels between the three groups (P = 0.0457). No significant difference of the UA level and the percentages of hyperuricemia was found between the different follow-up time point groups or between the three CD4+ cell counts groups (all P > 0.05). The risk factors for dyslipidemia included age, anthropometric parameters and follow-up weeks, and for hyperuricemia was virus load. Conclusions Gradual increasing dyslipidemia was found in male patients with human immunodeficiency virus primarily treated with tenofovir plus lamivudine plus efavirenz for 3 years. There-fore lipid metabolism parameters should be closely monitored during long-term ART with the TDF plus 3TC plus EFV regimen.

Abstract Background A dysregulated host immune response is common in patients with COVID-19. Aim In this study, we aimed to define the characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and their relationship with disease progression in COVID-19 patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods The baseline peripheral lymphocyte subsets were compared between 55 healthy controls and 95 patients with confirmed COVID-19, and between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients with or without DM. Results The prevalence of DM in the COVID-19 group was 20%, and patients with severe COVID-19 had a higher prevalence of DM than those with non-severe disease (P = 0.006). Moreover, a significantly poor prognosis and a higher rate of severity were found in those with DM relative to those without DM (P = 0.001, 0.003). Generally, all lymphocytes and subsets of lymphocytes, especially B and T cells, were significant reduced in COVID-19 patients, particularly in those with DM. Patients with severe COVID-19 and DM had the lowest lymphocyte counts compared with those with severe COVID-19 without DM, and those with non-severe COVID-19 with or without DM. Partially decreased lymphocyte subsets, age and DM were closely related to disease progression and prognosis. Conclusions These findings provide a reference for clinicians that immunomodulatory treatment may improve disease progression and prognosis of COVID-19 patients, especially those with severe disease with DM. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Register ChiCTR2000034563