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Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Objective: To review common presentation of oral ulcers in children and discuss management of symptoms and subsequent investigation., Conclusion: Although a common presentation in children, diagnosis can be challenging. Thorough history taking is critical towards diagnosis and supports signposting to relevant specialities. Clinicians should be able to support first-line symptomatic management of oral ulceration., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder, causing dysautonomia and multisystem failure. Symptoms include skeletal malformations, restricted joint mobility and desensitisation to pain. Patients with SWS presenting with intraoral lesions are extremely rare and this is probably due to their shortened lifespan. We present a case of a 9-month-old patient who presented to our Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS)Unit with a chronic inflamed ulcer affecting the tongue, secondary to trauma from erupting central incisors. We believe that depapillation in conjunction with an increased pain threshold contributed to its development. The patient was successfully treated by extraction of the lower central incisors and intralesional steroid injections under general anaesthetic. This case highlights that patients with SWS can present to the OMFS clinician with oral lesions and that they can be safely managed under general anaesthesia., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

A 23-year-old woman with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome complicated by recurrent pneumonia and sinusitis presented with 1 week of multiple painful oral ulcers unresponsive to empiric antiviral and antifungal treatment. Her ulcers progressively worsened and she required hospitalisation for intravenous hydration and pain control. PCR swab of an ulcer was positive for varicella-zoster virus. Her symptoms never fully resolved despite antiviral therapy, and within 2 weeks, she relapsed with new and worsening ulcers. Biopsy revealed chronic active inflammation with no evidence of viral inclusion bodies or fungal hyphae. She was diagnosed with recurrent aphthous stomatitis and referred to a local dentist for CO 2 laser treatments with rapid resolution of her symptoms. This case highlights the broad differential for recurrent oral ulcers in people with a primary immunodeficiency. It also raises awareness of the benefits of laser therapy for aphthous stomatitis treatment and the importance of partnering with our colleagues in dentistry., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Sarcoidosis is a chronic, multisystemic, granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology characterised by the formation of non-caseating granuloma. It shows slight female predominance and has a bimodal age distribution. Lungs, skin, eye and liver are commonly affected. The oral lesion, though uncommon, may present as submucosal nodule, papule or superficial ulceration. Occasionally, oral lesion may be the first manifestation of underlying systemic disease. This case is interesting because it emphasises that dental practitioners may play a key role in early recognition of the clinical presentation of this multifaceted disease, and thereby aid in the diagnosis of the systemic condition. The present report deals with a case of sarcoidosis affecting the buccal mucosa in a 48-year-old woman. The patient was treated with oral prednisolone and within 4 months of corticosteroid therapy, the oral lesion regressed with no recurrence or new lesion noted over a period of 1 year., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Gingival pathology is a daily presentation, however a small number of systemic conditions can manifest similar to a common gingival condition and have fatal results. Dentist referred 56-year-old woman to Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery department with a 2-week medical history of gingival bleeding not responding to local measures. Biopsy showed eosinophilic infiltrate and vasculitis, and blood tests showed positive markers including cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a rare disease affecting the respiratory tract, blood vessels and kidneys. Oral lesions are rarely the primary presenting feature. When left untreated, most cases are fatal within a year of diagnosis. The diagnosis can only be made when certain criteria are found, including granular oral lesions exhibiting an eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate on biopsy. With 5% of cases showing intraoral lesions as the primary feature, it is essential that dentists have the knowledge of this rare disease to refer and not to treat as a common gingival condition., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

A multitude of disease processes ranging from periodontitis to malignancies can lead to formation of solitary ulcer on the palate. Hence solitary ulcers of palate can often be a challenging one to diagnose. We report an interesting case of a diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the maxillary sinus which perforated the palatal bone and presented clinically as a palatal ulcer. Initially the lesion manifested as a small ill-defined swelling in the posterior palatal slope in relation to 24and25 which were mobile and hence was erroneously diagnosed as chronic periodontal abscess. This paper is intended to stress the relevance of including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of solitary palatal ulcers as it may be often misdiagnosed as more common reactive or inflammatory lesions., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

We report two patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) in remission phase who developed panuveitis simulating Behçet's disease. A 26-year-old man presented with bilateral panuveitis (hypopyon in the right eye, bilateral anterior segment inflammation, vitritis and retinitis). He was on imatinib for CML which was in remission. He gave a history of recurrent oral ulcers. The panuveitis responded to oral and topical steroids but recurred after the steroids were stopped. His ocular condition again stabilised on restarting oral steroids and azathioprine. The second patient, a 28-year-old man, presented with bilateral anterior segment inflammation, vitritis, exudative retinal detachment and hypopyon in the right eye. He was also on imatinib with the CML being in remission. The uveitis and exudative retinal detachment improved on systemic and topical steroids. The vision of this patient did not improve as optic atrophy ensued. The panuveitis seen in our patients with CML responded favourably to oral steroids/immunosuppressant therapy., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

A 61-year-old female with a history of advanced HIV disease and chronic hepatitis B was presented with an 8-week history of painful oral ulcers. She appeared systemically well but examination revealed multiple well-demarcated clean-based ulcers on the tongue and hard palate. Biopsy of one of the lesions showed numerous histiocytes containing intracellular yeast forms consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum Fungal blood cultures subsequently grew H. capsulatum var. capsulatum , confirming a diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. She was treated with intravenous amphotericin B for 2 weeks followed by a prolonged course of oral itraconazole, with which her ulcers resolved completely and have not recurred. This case exemplifies how oral ulcers may be a manifestation of an underlying systemic disease and demonstrates the utility of biopsy in establishing a diagnosis., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

A man aged 78 years presented with a 3-week history of tender mouth ulceration associated with arthralgia and weight loss. He had ulcerative colitis that was diagnosed 10 years previously which was well controlled on adalimumab 40 mg fortnightly. Biochemical and haematological investigations showed raised inflammatory markers (CRP 105) and a marked neutrophilia (10). On examination, the patient had severe oral ulceration involving the anterior tongue and lips. In addition, on cutaneous examination had tender erythematous nodules involving the forehead. Histology from a diagnostic punch biopsy showed marked dermal oedema with an inflammatory infiltrate consisting of neutrophils. Our working diagnosis was therefore oral Sweet's syndrome. The patient was then started on oral prednisolone and later received colchicine which led to a complete resolution of symptoms., (2017 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

A 25-year-old man was admitted to our hospital, with fever, severe ulceration of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa, and pustules on his skin. These pathergy-like lesions had emerged after placement of orthodontic braces and laser therapy for hair removal, respectively. The patient's clinical condition, together with his ethnic background, pointed to the diagnosis of Behçet's disease. Treatment with colchicine and prednisone resulted in rapid improvement of his symptoms. Pathergy reactions in response to placement of dental braces and laser hair removal are a rare first presentation of Behçet's disease., (2016 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Tuberculosis of the oral cavity is uncommon in this antibiotic era. We report a case of a long standing non-healing ulcer of the right upper maxillogingival sulcus, found to be tuberculosis of a rather unusual site in the oral cavity, the alveolus., (2014 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Primary HIV infection (PHI) is symptomatic in 50-90% of patients with symptoms resembling infectious mononucleosis. The diagnosis, however, is seldom made at first presentation. Clinically severe presentations during primary HIV type 1 infection are considered to occur infrequently. We report a case of a severe manifestation of PHI with meningoencephalitis in the setting of HIV seroconversion in an adolescent girl., (2014 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.)

Objective: To present a structured approach for an outpatient consultation of a child with recurrent mouth ulcers., Method: Review of literature and description of approach followed in our unit., Conclusions: The literature emphasises the need to consider local and systemic causes for oral ulceration in a child. Focused history and examination are key in establishing the cause and in order to ensure appropriate management., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)

A woman in her early 40s presented with a painless ulceration on the right side of the posterior palate, she had an earlier history of similar lesions after the rupturing of blood filled blisters in the oral cavity. On examination, a diffuse erythematous area and ulcers covered with necrotic slough were noticed on the right and left side of the posterior palate and on the right buccal mucosa. On follow-up visit, a large blood filled blister was noticed in the buccal vestibule. We advised routine haematological investigations to rule out any bleeding disorders and direct immunofluorescence of the affected tissue and perilesional areas to rule out autoimmune blistering conditions. Haematological investigations revealed no abnormalities and immunofluorescence testing was negative. A diagnosis of angina bullosa haemorrhagica was made by excluding all other conditions. Symptomatic treatment was given, patient was educated about the condition and reassured.