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Introduction: The nature of the relationship between inflammation, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and atherosclerosis in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) remains largely unknown and sex differences in this regard are yet to be assessed., Methods: Study including 611 men and 302 women from the Spanish multicentre AtheSpAin cohort to assess CV disease in axSpA. Data on CV disease risk factors were collected both at disease diagnosis and at enrolment, and data on disease activity, functional indices and carotid ultrasonography only at enrolment., Results: After a median disease duration of 9 years, patients of both sexes who at disease diagnosis had elevated acute phase reactants (APRs), more frequently had hypertension and obesity. The same occurred with dyslipidaemia in men and with diabetes mellitus in women. At enrolment, CV risk factors were independently associated with APR and with activity and functional indices, with various sex differences. C reactive protein (CRP) values were inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol in men (β coefficient: -1.2 (95% CI: -0.3 to -0.07) mg/dL, p=0.001), while erythrocyte sedimentation rate values were positively associated with triglycerides in women (β coefficient: 0.6 (95% CI: 0.04 to 1) mg/dL, p=0.035). Furthermore, only women showed an independent relationship between insulin resistance parameters and APR or disease activity. Both men and women with high-very high CV risk according to the Systematic Assessment of Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 and CRP levels higher than 3 mg/L at diagnosis of the disease presented carotid plaques significantly more frequently than those with normal CRP levels at disease diagnosis., Conclusion: Inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis and CV disease in axSpA. A gender-driven effect is observed in this relationship., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: To evaluate effectiveness and safety of certolizumab pegol (CZP) in uveitis due to immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID)., Methods: Multicentre study of CZP-treated patients with IMID uveitis refractory to conventional immunosuppressant. Effectiveness was assessed through the following ocular parameters: best-corrected visual acuity, anterior chamber cells, vitritis, macular thickness and retinal vasculitis. These variables were compared between the baseline, and first week, first, third, sixth months, first and second year., Results: We studied 80 (33 men/47 women) patients (111 affected eyes) with a mean age of 41.6±11.7 years. The IMID included were: spondyloarthritis (n=43), Behçet's disease (n=10), psoriatic arthritis (n=8), Crohn's disease (n=4), sarcoidosis (n=2), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n=1), reactive arthritis (n=1), rheumatoid arthritis (n=1), relapsing polychondritis (n=1), CONCLUSIONS: CZP seems to be effective and safe in uveitis related to different IMID, even in patients refractory to previous biological drugs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: JLM-V received grants/research support from AbbVie, Pfizer, Lilly, Celgene, Janssen, and UCB Pharma. VC-R received grants/research support from MSD and Roche and had consultation fees/participation in the company-sponsored speaker’s bureau from AbbVie, Lilly, Celgene, Grünenthal and UCB Pharma. LS-B received grants/research support from Roche, Lilly and Pfizer. EB-C had consultation fees/participation in the company-sponsored speaker’s bureau from AbbVie, Amgen, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis y UCB. PF received grants/research supports from Sobi and Novartis and had consultation fees/participation in the company-sponsored speaker’s bureau from Sobi and Novartis. AGM received consultation fees from Novartis and Amgem and sponsored speaker’s bureau from Novartis, Jansen, Amgen, UCB and Grünenthal. MC-C was a lecturer for AbbVie, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Allergan and UCB. He also participated in Advisory Boards for AbbVie and Allergan. He also had travel grants from AbbVie, UCB and Allergan. RV had consultation fees/participation in the company-sponsored speaker’s bureau from AbbVie, Pfizer, MSD, UCB, Gebro, Celgene, Janssen, Bristol Myers, Lilly, Galápagos, Amgen. CF-C received honoraria for lectures/presentations from AbbVie, Galapagos, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB; consulting fees from AbbVie, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis and UCB and support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Galapagos, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Roche and UCB. JLH received grants/research support from Amgen and participation in company-sponsored speaker’s bureau from Amgen, MSD and Novartis. RB received grants/research support from AbbVie, MSD and Roche, and had consultation fees/participation in a company-sponsored speaker’s bureau from AbbVie, Pfizer, Roche, Bristol Myers, Janssen and MSD., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)