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Objective: Binasal prongs are the most commonly used interface for the delivery of nasal positive airway pressure (CPAP) to preterm infants. However, they are associated with pressure-related nasal injury, which causes pain and discomfort. Nasal injury may necessitate a change in interface and occasionally damage is severe enough to require surgical repair. We aim to determine the incidence and risk factors for nasal injury in preterm infants, and to provide clinicians with strategies to effectively prevent and treat it.Design: We conducted a systematic search of databases including MEDLINE (PubMed including the Cochrane Library), EMBASE, CINAHL and Scopus. Included studies enrolled human preterm infants and were published prior to 20 February 2017.Results: Forty-five studies were identified, including 14 ra ndomised controlled trials, 10 observational studies, two cohort studies, eight case reports and 11 reviews. The incidence of nasal injury in preterm infants ranged from 20-100%. Infants born <30 weeks' gestation are at highest risk. Strategies shown to reduce nasal injury included: nasal barrier dressings (2 studies, n=244, risk ratio (RD) -0.12, 95%, CI - 0.20 to -0.04), nasal high flow therapy as an alternative to binasal prong CPAP (7 studies, n=1570, risk difference (RD) -0.14, 95% CI -0.17 to -0.10), and nasal masks rather than binasal prongs (5 studies, n=544, RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.00).Conclusions and Relevance: Nasal injury is common in preterm infants born <30 weeks' gestational age receiving CPAP via binasal prongs. Larger randomised trials are required to fully evaluate strategies to reduce nasal injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which examined the discontinuation and non-publication of surgical randomised controlled trials. Topics covered include the reasons behind the discontinuation of trials such as poor recruitment of patients, the association of industry funding with lower odds of publication for completed trials and the non-compliance of investigators that led to the non-registration of trials.

The article presents the case of a 15-year-old male who was rushed to an emergency department due to a nasal injury sustained while playing rugby. He was referred to the ear, nose and throat department when an anterior rhinoscopy showed a bilateral cherry red swelling from his nasal septum. He underwent an emergency operation to drain his nasal septal haematoma. INSET: HOW COMMON ARE NASAL SEPTAL HAEMATOMAS?.

Non-invasive respiratory support is increasingly popular but is associated with complications including nasal trauma. The present report describes a novel method of oral continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivery in an extremely premature infant with severe nasal septum erosion. The distal end of a cut down endotracheal tube was passed through a small hole made in the teat of a dummy (infant pacifier) and sutured in place. The dummy was secured in the infant's mouth and CPAP was delivered to the pharynx. The device was well tolerated and the infant was successfully managed using this technique for 48 days, avoiding endotracheal intubation and ventilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photograph of a preterm baby who sustained a major nasal injury secondary to nasal continuous positive airway pressure is presented.