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Objective To investigate the combined effects on adult mortality of overweight and smoking in late adolescence. Design Record linkage study with Cox proportional hazard ratios adjusted for muscle strength, socioeconomic position, and age. Setting Swedish military service conscription register, cause of death register, and census data. Participants45 920 Swedish men (mean age 18.7, SD0.5) followed for 38 years. Main outcome measures Body mass index (underweight (BMI <18.5), normal weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), and obesity (230)), muscle strength, and self reported smoking (non-smoker, light smoker (1-10 cigarettes/day), heavy smoker (>10/day)) at mandatory military conscription tests in 1969-70. AH cause mortality. Results Over 1.7 million person years, 2897 men died. Compared with normal weight men (incidence rate 17/10 000 person years, 95% confidence interval 16 to 18), risk of mortality was increased in overweight (hazard ratio 1.33,1.15 to 1.53; incidence rate 23, 20 to 26) and obese men (hazard ratio 2.14,1.61 to 2.85; incidence rate 38, 27 to 48), with similar relative estimates in separate analyses of smokers and non-smokers. No increased risk was detected in underweight men (hazard ratio 0.97,0.86 to 1.08; incidence rate 18,16 to 19), though extreme underweight (BMI <17) was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio 1.33,1.07 to 1.64; incidence rate 24,19 to 29). The relative excess risk due to interaction between BMI and smoking status was not significant in any stratum. Furthermore, all estimates of interaction were of small magnitude, except for the combination of obesity and heavy smoking (relative excess risk 1.5, -0.7 to 3.7). Compared with non-smokers (incidence rate 14,13 to 15), risk was increased in both light (hazard ratio 1.54, Î.41 to 1.70; incidence rate 15,14 to 16) and heavy smokers (hazard ratio 2.11,1.92 to 2.31; incidence rate 26, 24 to 27). Conclusions Regardless of smoking status, overweight and obesity in late adolescence increases the risk of adult mortality. Obesity and overweight were as hazardous as heavy and light smoking, respectively, but there was no interaction between BMI and smoking status. The global obesity epidemic and smoking among adolescents remain important targets for intensified public health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which investigated perinatal outcomes in women with history of bariatric surgery. It acknowledges increased risk of women who previously undergone bariatric surgery for preterm and small for gestational age births. It offers brief details about study procedures which include selection of participants and data analysis. A chart listing information on preterm birth and fetal growth outcomes recorded is also presented.

The article describes a study which investigated the association between blood pressure and subsequent mortality in Swedish adolescent men. The researchers examined whether systolic and diastolic blood pressures in late adolescence contribute to risk of death. The study revealed a stronger association between diastolic blood pressure and mortality, than systolic blood pressure.

The article discusses a randomised controlled trial that investigated the effect of weight loss on mild obstructive sleep apnoea in obese men. For treatment allocation, the researchers used a blocked randomisation procedure. The study involved sixty-three obese men who are suffering from severe obstructive sleep apnoea treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Study physicians suggested that there was a link between eight adverse events and very low energy diet. The article also mentions reasons for caution concerning the study.

Objective: To investigate the associations of exercise capacity and muscle strength in late adolescence with risk of vascular disease and arrhythmia.Design: Cohort study.Setting: General population in Sweden.Participants: 1.1 million men who participated in mandatory military conscription between 1 August 1972 and 31 December 1995, at a median age of 18.2 years. Participants were followed until 31 December 2010.Main Outcomes: Associations between exercise capacity and muscle strength with risk of vascular disease and subgroups (ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and cardiovascular death) and risk of arrhythmia and subgroups (atrial fibrillation or flutter, bradyarrhythmia, supraventricular tachycardia, and ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death). Maximum exercise capacity was estimated by the ergometer bicycle test, and muscle strength was measured as handgrip strength by a hand dynamometer. High exercise capacity or muscle strength was deemed as above the median level.Results: During a median follow-up of 26.3 years, 26 088 vascular disease events and 17 312 arrhythmia events were recorded. Exercise capacity was inversely associated with risk of vascular disease and its subgroups. Muscle strength was also inversely associated with vascular disease risk, driven by associations of higher muscle strength with lower risk of heart failure and cardiovascular death. Exercise capacity had a U shaped association with risk of arrhythmia, driven by a direct association with risk of atrial fibrillation and a U shaped association with bradyarrhythmia. Higher muscle strength was associated with lower risk of arrhythmia (specifically, lower risk of bradyarrhythmia and ventricular arrhythmia). The combination of high exercise capacity and high muscle strength was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.67 (95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.70) for vascular events and 0.92 (0.88 to 0.97) for arrhythmia compared with the combination of low exercise capacity and low muscle strength.Conclusions: Exercise capacity and muscle strength in late adolescence are independently and jointly associated with long term risk of vascular disease and arrhythmia. The health benefit of lower risk of vascular events with higher exercise capacity was not outweighed by higher risk of arrhythmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a randomised controlled trial that studied the effect of low energy diet on obstructive sleep apnoea in men. It says that weight loss programme was found to be effective in both moderate and severe sleep apnoea after one year follow-up of 63 obese men aged 30-65 participated in the study. The main outcome measure of the study was apnoea-hypopnoea index.