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Leptodactylus pustulatus is one of the most dis-tinctive species in the genus because of its ven-tral pattern of large bright red to yellow spotsonadarkbackground.Althoughthespecieswasdescribed in 1870 and there has been no confu-sion regarding its taxonomic identity, there hasbeenverylittlepublishedaboutthespecies,par-ticularly with respect to its biology. The lackof biological information for L. pustulatus islikely due to the fact that the species occursin very inaccessible areas ( ooded plains) inpoorly sampled regions of Brazil at transitionzones of Cerrado, Caatinga, and Amazon do-mains. Herein, we describe the advertisementand response calls of L. pustulatus , which turnout to be very different and more complex thanforanyotherspeciesof Leptodactylus forwhichthe advertisement calls are known.We use terms to describe the calls that aremeant to be functionally neutral, as we have noevidence for the biological function of the calls.We use the terms advertisement and responsecalls for the two types of calls we report on.Otherauthorshaveascribedvariousfunctionstoresponse calls, terming them as encounter callsor aggressive calls. We also use the term “unit”to describe what we nd to be rather discreteportions within the advertisement call. Theseunits are intended only to provide a meaningfulway to describe the structure and variation ob

Abstract Whereas morphological analysis of populations recognized as Leptodactylus mystaceus indicates there is one species with modest geographic variation, analysis of advertisement calls indicates there are at least two or perhaps three species involved. The differences found in advertisement calls are sufficient to act as species isolating barriers to recognize at least two species, which action is taken. A consequent result is the description of a new sibling species. The significance of sibling species in the genus Leptodacytylus is discussed briefly.

Adenomera griseigularis Henle is a junior synonym of Leptodactylus wagneri (Peters). Systematic problems and opportunities are discussed for certain members of the genus Adenomera. Researchers are cautioned that resolution of certain taxa will require non-morphological data.