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Indonesia is the country with the largest archipelago in the world, with a total of seventeen thousand islands. The term 'maritime nation' has actually been surging through stories of local wisdom (culture), but during the colonial period, the term lost its original significance and Indonesia came to be treated as if it were an agrarian country. This paper shows that Indonesian maritime society contains various inherited values of religiosity, including myths, legends, folklore, and oral traditions about marine cosmology. Folklore, myths, and legends have an important position in society, not only referring to cultural traditions but also containing religious or theological values that are closely related to the identity of the Indonesian nation. This paper studies the mythical figure of Nyi Roro Kidul who is considered the sea guardian. The legend surrounding the figure of Nyi Roro Kidul can serve as an important trope to develop a contextual Javanese eco-pneumatology [Holy Spirit] and help address some of the contemporary ecological issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of Portuguese in Africa for more than five centuries has left a sensible trace in the languages spoken on the continent. Exploiting a Data Base created to monitor the influence of Portuguese on African languages, this paper tries to show how more than five hundred Portuguese loans are found in some one hundred and fifty African languages. The degree of assimilation and their numbers vary from language to language, but it is astonishing to find some Portuguese loans even in some languages spoken in the interior of the continent, far from the places where Portuguese presence was firmly established for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following atrocities against the minority Muslim Rohingya population by the Myanmar military, several states have imposed sanctions and deployed international justice strategies against the Myanmar government. In contrast, Indonesia has used an alternative 'quiet diplomacy' approach, focused on aid delivery to affected communities and cooperation with Myanmar. The paper presents one of the first empirical examinations of Indonesia's role, and considers Indonesia's approach from a realpolitik perspective to show why Indonesia has avoided R2P measures. The paper identifies three factors that shaped Indonesia's approach: Islamic humanitarianism, Indonesia's own experience of managing civil–military relations during a contested democratic transition, and its continued commitment to core ASEAN principles. The paper also contributes to wider debates by identifying some of the limitations of R2P, especially in terms of how R2P can be sidelined by national and regional diplomatic priorities, in this case manifested in the quiet diplomacy approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconsiders contemporary digital activism in an increasingly pious Indonesia and responds to Eva F. Nisa's 2018 paper on young Muslim women as daʾwa (proselytization) activists published in this journal. This paper asks: How have today's socially mediated publics in Indonesia influenced the figure of the daʾwa activist? How are these daʾwa activists different from those in the past? I argue that the daʾwa activists are the products of a Muslimah intimate public, part of a networked public within which young women discuss, engage with, and express how they 'feel' about issues that interest them, and celebrate self-improvement and self-enterprise, combined with religious self-cultivation. Within this public daʾwa activists have two key characteristics. First, market logics and commercial interests are fundamental to their daʾwa. Second, the daʾwa accounts frame controversial and political issues through specific visual ethics that engender a sense of intimacy with their followers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian Government is attracting foreign investment in infrastructure to support equitable development by simplifying the bureaucratic process for business licensing through Online Single Submission (OSS). However, from the OSS introduction in 2018, it has not yet transformed Indonesia's investment climate. This paper consists of a normative legal study which uses a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach with Canada and New Zealand to identify the OSS policy disharmony that negatively impacts the investment climate in the Indonesian infrastructure. The results showed a need to reconstruct systems and policies based on the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 2018 concerning Online Integrated Business Licensing Services and the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation to accelerate and increase investment in the era of the fourth industrial revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the religious entrepreneurship of three Javanese pastors in Indonesia. It intends to illustrate the religious values obtained by pastors through self-reflection and faith experience that are enabling them to undertake social transformation. Religious entrepreneurship is a concept that locates the pastor as an agent of social transformation. Based on seven months of fieldwork using an ethical anthropological approach, this paper seeks to describe not simply GKJ's pastors' experience of changing society, but also the faith struggle of the church and its community members. By applying the concept of religious entrepreneurship, this paper examines the aforementioned elements in order to display religious values as an underlying motivation for the Javanese pastors' social movement in shaping humanistic and ethical social transformation in rural Java. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the continuing importance, but declining dynamism, of the manufacturing sector, this paper investigates trends in productivity at firm levels. It finds that labour productivity has been either stagnant or falling in labour-intensive manufacturing. Thepaper uses firm level cross-sectional and time series data and employs gmm techniques to estimate determinants of productivity. It finds that real wage is the most important variable that influences firm level productivity, followed by capital intensity. Contrary to the common perception, foreign ownership and export orientation are not found to have statistically significant influence on firm level productivity. This finding is consistent for firms of all sizes—large, medium, small and micro. This implies that Indonesia can use wages policy, as Singapore did during the late 1970s to mid-1980s, to upgrade its manufacturing to higher value-added activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to other Muslim-majority countries, Indonesia has undertaken legislative changes in the domain of family law, including on polygamy. In practice, however, these legal reforms continue to be challenged by a number of judges, specifically those regarding polygamy. This paper looks at the extent to which judges meet husbands' proposals for polygamy. It investigates judges' legal interpretation of the legal grounds specified for polygamous marriage and how judges have deployed the notions of maslahah (public good) and mafsadah (harm), with a view to fortifying their legal decisions. It will be argued that the judges' approach remains shaped by classical Islamic legal doctrine and that they subscribe to free and supplementary legal interpretation, or ijtihad , as well as contemporary notions of maslahah , resulting in conservative legal decisions that uphold gender asymmetries. It is also found that, even though many women may choose to share husbands rather than to be divorced, judges seem to ignore the fact that the practice of polygamy is detrimental to the dissolution of the marriage through wife-petitioned divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the experience of three Indonesian online communities, this paper argues that civic engagement organized by online communities is not simply an outcome of compassion or social solidarity but also a mitigating circumstance of community building. The durability of organizing civic engagement, therefore, relies on the transformation of online communities and members' capacity for community management—that is, how the community could upscale its form and activities. Failing in upscaling the community can lead to community abandonment. Community upscaling relies on the success of institutionalizing civic engagement activities, community adaptation to new chat platforms, conserving interpersonal communication within the same online location, and generating new community trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the author's initial research on the motivations of Chinese students to study in Indonesia since 2013 when President Xi Jinping proposed that Indonesia become involved in China's "Belt and Road" Initiative. As part of the ongoing research by the Indonesian Studies Center of Fujian Normal University, this paper explores current trends and conditions of student exchanges between Indonesia and China. The primary motivation for Chinese students to study abroad has usually been to obtain a better quality of education and an international degree, something that is more encouraged under the Belt and Road Initiative. It was found, however, that the number of Chinese students studying in Indonesia has not increased significantly during the past five years. There are several structural factors hindering the successful implementation of student exchange programs. These may be directly related to students' place of origin, the majors they choose, or the level of the degrees which they obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the responses of faith-based movements in Indonesia to globalized environmental issues, including climate change. As a plural nation with six official religions, the leaders of the major recognized religions in Indonesia (i.e., Islam, Protestant and Roman Catholic Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confusianism) all offered statements in 2007 at COP 13, the international forum in response to the environmental challange and climate change in Bali. Each called for religious adherents to act in order to contribute to halting the problem of climate change. Faith is seen to be a key factor in motivating people to change their behavior towards the environment. The slogan, "Think globally, act locally,'' is at the heart of this commitment, in hopes that environmental challenges including climate change, become a common issue among all the religions in Indonesia, and so that Indonesian responses may be collaborative and cooperative. This paper will document and analyze the development of such faithbased action with respect to environmental challenges in Indonesia, in light of global conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will analyse how a household of "factory returnees" and a "factory family", who were directly exposed to the processes of industrialization and de-industrialization in Indonesia, appropriate labor, infrastructures and globalization. I will explore how this generation of factory workers have developed their way to stay afloat during the post-industrial, pandemic and possibly post-pandemic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat of criminal punishment of same-sex relationships has revived in Indonesia. Despite the remarkable improvements that were made in recent years, such as the Yogyakarta principles in 2007 and the organisation of the Jakarta Q-film festival, homophobia has been gradually observed throughout the country. The criminal punishment of both prostitution and homosexuality in the (Islamised) region of Aceh by virtue of local laws (perdas) and incidents such as the raid of a Jakarta gay sauna in late 2017 that resulted in several prosecutions demonstrate that the struggle for non-discrimination and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) communities is still ongoing in this extremely diverse country. The present paper discusses this situation, highlighting the need for Indonesia to comply with its human rights obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the post-war conflict of colonial retention that the Netherlands engaged in with Indonesia, and the invasion of Yogyakarta on 19 December 1948. While arresting high-ranking members of the Republican government, Dutch troops seized papers that were left behind. These documents were not returned to Indonesia until nearly 50 years later. By studying the archival collection, fluctuations in the relationship between Indonesia and the Netherlands are revealed. The seized archives relate directly to the building of a new nation; their history reflects the history of Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The organisation and representation of diversity is a crucial challenge for all countries and especially for post-colonial nations. Accordingly, the politics of multiethnic representation as well as multicultural rhetoric is constantly reformulated and adapted to new conditions, both locally and globally. Cultural theme parks are a typical arena for the display of multiculturality. In the case of Indonesia it is of special interest to investigate whether and in what ways the public staging of ethnic cultures has changed in the reform era (since 1998). This includes aspects of inclusion and exclusion. Which ethnic groups are defined as being constitutive for the Indonesian nation and how are they represented in the central theme park, Taman Mini, in Jakarta? In which ways are the political processes of democratisation and decentralisation reflected in the organisation of Taman Mini, which used to be a main icon of Suharto's New Order regime? This paper suggests that there is a need for Indonesia to re-imagine itself and to refashion a globally oriented multicultural-or, even better, transcultural-identity for the future. Popular public spaces like cultural theme parks have the potential to be appropriate places for such innovative visions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Bā' Alawī-a group of Hadramī diaspora acknowledged as the descendants of Prophet Muhammad-in post-colonial Indonesia. In particular, it observes the Bā 'Alawī scholars' creative adaptation and manipulation of their Sufi path, tarīqa 'alawiyya, in their attempt to secure their place within the wider imagination of Indonesian nationhood while protecting their distinctive genealogical eminence. In the twentieth century the tarīqa, which had long functioned to secure their identity, differentiate them from others and nurture their diasporic consciousness, proved incompatible with the assimilationist discourse of the nation. Further challenges came from Islamic reformism, preaching egalitarianism increasingly defined public articulation of Islam, confronting the Bā 'Alawī's notion of Islamic authority. The Bā 'Alawī scholars adapted by reshaping of the tarīqa rituals, shifting emphasis on Prophetic piety, expanding the Bā 'Alawī textual community to include local scholars, and the projecting of a new form of Prophetic authority in a framework of hadīth studies. Such shifts were sustained by the construction of a new Bā 'Alawī center in Kwitang, Jakarta, and the cultivation of scholarly networks connecting the Bā 'Alawī and local kyais (Indonesian Islamic scholars). More specifically, this paper observes the career of three Bā 'Alawī scholars and their efforts to reconfigure the discursive practice of the tarīqa in the early decades of the Indonesian republic. By presenting practices recognizable to the dominant modes of Islamic reformism in the country, the Bā 'Alawī succeeded in maintaining their visibility in Sukarno's Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia continues to bear the scars of the 1997 financial crisis, with the highest open unemployment rate in Southeast Asia. The orthodox interpretation is that the post-crisis era in Indonesia is typified by overly generous labour legislation that has seen an aggressive pursuit of minimum wages and other provisions. The consequent rise in real wages adversely impacted the investment climate and impeded employment growth in the formal sector. Detailed sectoral analysis reveals very little evidence of a wage-driven cost squeeze on profit margins. Econometric estimation of sectoral employment functions shows that output growth plays a more significant role in determining employment than real wage. This is also confirmed by enterprise surveys which reveal that current labour legislation is not at the top of the list of concerns among investors. Thus, this paper contends that Indonesia's current labour woes are best understood as the reflection of structural change and a demand-constrained economy. Any employment-creation strategy must therefore consider both demand and cost factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past two decades, Indonesia has transformed a third of its rainforest into oil palm plantations. Although attention has been paid to the environmental consequences, the connection between oil palm cultivation and the evolving use of alcohol within local communities has received little attention. Studies conducted within rural communities have demonstrated that significant environmental changes frequently result in increased drug and alcohol consumption. Through an ethnographic study of an Indonesian village, this article reveals how the changing living and working environments have not only altered people's 'place-world' but also their sense of identity and position in the world, leaving many disoriented and lost in the homogenous expanse of oil palm plantations. This has seemingly led to increased alcohol use among the village community. This finding offers a fresh and updated way to understand and interrogate the challenges with regard to present-day human-nature relations in agricultural interventions in Indonesia and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historiography of the Dutch–Indonesian war, also known as the Indonesian Revolution, generally focuses on the origins and types of violence that occurred during the conflict. The war-related photographs published by the Indonesian press during the conflict have received hardly any examination by scholars. This article examines photographs published by the nationalist-leaning newspaper Kedaulatan Rakjat (KR) in Yogyakarta, the city known as the capital of the Indonesian Revolution, between 1945 and 1946. The KR published several types of photographs. The first introduced and promoted Indonesian national leaders. The second demonstrated the ruthlessness of the enemies of the Republic, especially the Dutch and the British. The third depicted the valour and victory of the Indonesian forces in the face of the enemy. The fourth illustrated the massive support of the Indonesian people for the Republic. The Republic's foreign enemies only appeared graphically in the newspaper as cruel but weak soldiers or as cold-blooded politicians. Through the photographs published in the KR , the authority, efficacy, and strength of the newly born Republic were visually proven and further promoted, while the horror of the Dutch and British acts was continuously emphasized to a large audience. This, in turn, justified the hatred and violence against the Dutch and British. Through this photographic framing, the Kedaulatan Rakjat shaped public opinions and attitudes to support the fight against the Dutch and the British. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teak wood (Tectona grandis) as an important forest resource in Indonesia has been processed to wood furniture in large quantities to fulfill an increasing need of both local and international consumers. To satisfy the increasing demand for wood products, teak wood has been supplied from the State forests (Perhutani) and Community teak plantations. Community teak has been harvested at shorter age rotations (7-10 years) than Perhutani teak (40-60 years). This paper discusses the occurrence and characteristics of juvenile wood in Perhutani and Community teak based on density, shrinkage, bending strength (modulus of rupture - MOR, modulus of elasticity - MOE), fiber length, and microfibril angle (MFA). A segmented modeling approach was used to find the juvenile mature transition. Fiber length and MFA appear to be good anatomical indicators of radial increment demarcation between juvenile and mature wood, although maturation radial increment varies slightly between the fiber length and MFA. The use of radial increment density, shrinkage, MOR, and MOE were not appropriate, because of low coefficients of determination and a large range of radial increment for transition from juvenile to mature wood. The maturations were estimated to start at radial increments 10 and 14 cm from the pith by fiber length, and 11 and 15 cm from the pith by MFA for Perhutani and Community teak, respectively. The projected figures for the proportion of juvenile wood at breast height for Perhutani and Community teak were 65% and 100%, respectively. The results also indicate that short-rotation Community teak was not remarkably inferior in shrinkage, MOE and MOR compared to Perhutani teak, although it was less dense, less attractive and less durable due to lower heartwood content. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the use of the Community teak in some wood-processing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new method of identifying a nation's political elite using computational techniques on digitised newspaper articles. It begins by describing the three most widely used methods of identifying political elites: positional, decisional and reputational. It then introduces the "reported elite method", exploring the kinds of elites it detects and how well it reflects the composition of political elites in our case study of Indonesia. Compared to the other existing methods, we find that our method casts a much wider net when searching for political elites, resulting in many more people from civil society, far fewer formal politicians, and challenging conventional notions of who is a political elite. The method has two major underlying assumptions: (1) the newspapers from which the texts are drawn are free and fairly representative and (2) political power can be inferred from frequent appearance in newspapers alongside other frequently appearing individuals in computational " communities" of political elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on research in Indonesia in 2010-2013, this essay explains how Muslims expect norms of Islamic law to mobilize religious response to environmental crisis. It surveys attempts since the 1990s to develop "environmental fiqh (Muslim jurisprudence)" in Indonesia, justified in theory by rationales such as that actions causing environmental harm stem ultimately from human moral failing, and also that human aims and activities, including those protected by Islamic law, require a healthy biosphere. Many Indonesians expect Islamic ecological rulings to fill a critical gap in global persuasion, and to be successful when other (non-religious) environmental messages fail. Considering several key fatwas (non-binding legal opinions given in answer to a question) from the local level to the national in Indonesia, this paper explains how law and "outreach" (Ind. dakwah) come together to cast Islamic law of the environment in terms of foundational causes and ultimate effects. These religious norms coexist with and complement other globalized constructions (such as those of the nation-state and NGOS) that they increasingly incorporate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Paratrichapus Scott, 1926 currently comprises four species, one described from the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean, one from Indonesia and two from New Zealand. Here, the first Australian species of Paratrichapus are described, as follows: P. australis sp. n. , P. burwelli sp. n. , P. christmasensis sp. n. , P. metallonotum sp. n. and P. peckorum sp. n. Data on their geographic distribution and host fungi are provided, as well as an identification key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the evolving post-COVID-19 global development agenda, this article delves into the conceptualization of resilience within the creative economy as portrayed in public discourse. Using media analysis, the article scrutinizes discourse patterns evident in Jawa Pos, Indonesia's premier media outlet, from 2020 to 2021. The insights presented are corroborated by a comprehensive literature review and an examination of official government reports. This study examines seven creative industries that dominated public discourse during the pandemic: games, software applications, film, video production, art performance, culinary arts, and crafts. Digital platforms have invigorated sectors such as gaming, culinary arts, crafts, and video content; furthermore, local tourism initiatives have been instrumental in catalysing economic rejuvenation in areas such as the culinary arts, crafts, and art performance. This analysis encourages further studies on the resilience of the creative economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and analyzes political parties in Indonesia's democratic transition from their political communication patterns in ambiguity of cartelized democracy, where political parties work together to enjoy the state's resources and conflict simultaneously. Three conceptions are being used to explain the patterns of political communication occur among coalition parties: first is the output of political process, which contains political impression management and substantive action; secondly, the definition of the situation; and finally the cartel party. The conclusion shows that of political communication among coalition parties tend to be most stable when there is an entity that could dominate the popularity and public support. The pattern changed to be in conflict when there is no one could dominate the popularity and political structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between economic concentration and governance remains controversial. While some studies find that high economic concentration strengthens collective action and reform cooperation, others stress dangers of rent-seeking and state capture. In this paper I argue that effects are neither strictly positive nor negative: they are best described as an inverted u-shaped relationship, where better governance performance emerges with moderate economic concentration. Decentralisation reforms in Indonesia and the Philippines -- unprecedented in scope and scale--provide a unique opportunity to explore this thesis. Subnational case studies and cross-sectional data analyses indicate that moderately concentrated polities in both countries are accompanied by more effective and less corrupt service provision. The presence of 'contested oligarchies'--a small but diverse pool of economic elites--paves the ground for more balanced policy arenas; they contribute to a scenario where private sector actors are strong enough to influence government decisions and, at the same time, diverse enough to keep themselves and public officials in check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study of Chinese overseas is part of the study of humanity. To make it manageable, we have to reduce its scope. To make it meaningful, we have to use generalizations or abstract terms which encapsulate generalizations. Like human beings as a whole, the Chinese overseas are very heterogeneous, but we believe that somehow they are a meaningful subject of scholarly study. The paper explores some of the dilemmas of the general and the particular in the history of the peranakan Chinese of Java, themselves a far from homogeneous group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part One of this paper looked at local Church responses to the massacre in the Maumere district of central Flores, Indonesia, during the months of February to April 1966. Instigated by the Indonesian army, the slaughter of from 800 to 2,000 people was implemented by local Catholics against victims who were also Catholic. Responses of the local clergy, Archbishop and Dean are studied together with an account by one of the perpetrators, and the memoirs of three Dutch missioners written 40 years after the event. In Part Two these responses are examined in the light of two analyses of the Indonesian Church, one using an 'integration' frame, the other a Volkskirche model. When combined these studies allow us to begin to comprehend how the massacre could happen and why the clergy responded as they did. Honesty and transparency would allow us to move forward in mission with 'bold humility'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part One of this paper looks at local Church responses to the massacre in the Maumere district of central Flores, Indonesia, during the months of February to April 1966. Instigated by the Indonesian army, the slaughter of from 800 to 2,000 people was implemented by local Catholics against victims who were also Catholic. Responses of the local clergy, Archbishop and Dean are studied together with an account by one of the perpetrators, and the memoirs of three Dutch missioners written 40 years after the event. In Part Two these responses will be examined in the light of two analyses of the Indonesian Church, one using an 'integration' frame, the other a Volkskirche model. When combined these studies allow us to begin to comprehend how the massacre could happen and why the clergy responded as they did. Honesty and transparency would allow us to move forward in mission with 'bold humility'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the genre of contemporary tafsīr, focussing on the attitude of modern Sunnite exegetes towards Jews and Christians, on the role of different strands of tradition and of ideological bias for their interpretion of the Qur'ān, and on the similarities and differences between Qur'ānic commentaries from different regions of the Muslim word. It is based on the study of seventeen Qur'ānic commentaries from the Arab World, Indonesia and Turkey that have been published since 1967. The analysis of the authors' background reveals that in recent times, Qur'ānic commentaries tend to be written by professional male 'ulamā' from a provincial background, usually holding a faculty position in Islamic theology. As most exegetes' aim is to stress the timeless relevance of the Qur'ān, few of the commentaries make direct reference to contemporary events. Still, many of them are, in a very modern way, more concerned with providing religious guidance than with explaining the Qur'ān's meaning. However, the “traditional” explanatory approach is still alive, predominantly in commentators who are affiliated with Egypt's Azhar University. Besides the tradition of premodern Sunnite tafsīr, which all commentaries build on to a certain extent, Salafī exegesis is clearly influential in the way in which several commentaries strive at disassociating themselves from Christians and Jews and at building up a dichotomy between “us” and “them” in their exegesis of Q 5:51, which contains an interdiction against taking Christians and Jews as awliyā' (a term that is variably understood as meaning friends, allies, intimates, confidants, helpers, or leaders). It is striking that Arab commentators, for the most part, show a much more hostile attitude towards Christians and Jews than their Indonesian and Turkish counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For scholars concerned with historical studies of cross-continental movement, migration from Africa to Asia poses challenges. Administrative records of the East India Company reveal the multi-ethnicity of slaves, trends of slavery, resistance to slavery and the circumstances that led to emancipation of the slaves. Through a case study on Sumatra, this paper considers how transition from British to Dutch control affected the emancipated slaves, what rights they had and their eventual fate. It suggests that descendants of African slaves could still be living in Southeast Asia although creolisation and assimilation may have rendered them invisible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines biofuel development in Indonesia initiated by the government through a presidential instruction issued in January 2006. Three layers of analysis are presented. One is related to the politics of oil during the Suharto era that shaped Indonesian energy policy for decades. The second layer looks at current political and economic situations in Indonesia, which has been much affected by a crisis of energy resulting from previous regimes. A biofuel initiative thus got underway to solve three major problems, namely, the energy crisis, high unemployment, and poverty. Finally, this paper observes how the biofuel policy impacts people in a village in West Java. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyze the nexus between economic crises, market oriented reforms, and democratization in Indonesia and Korea since the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis. I provide some support for the hypothesis that democracies are better able to survive economic crises than authoritarian regimes. In both countries democratization facilitated a crisis resolution strategy based on market oriented reforms. However, I assert that in the long run the social consequences of market-oriented reforms tend to undermine democratization partly because both are so closely linked and the majority of the population sees them as one. This process does not necessarily destroy democracies but it leaves them more vulnerable to possible external shocks in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfers to other social groups and active acquisition of high dominance rank carry a substantial risk for a primate male. Therefore, we expect that such actions will affect his reproductive success. Demographic changes were studied in three groups of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) over a 12-year period at Ketambe, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. Natal dispersal by males is expected to result in reduced inbreeding; secondary transfers may improve access to mates. Previous study revealed that, in this population, siring success was strongly correlated with dominance rank, with top dominance concentrated in young adult males. Thus, few decisions have such profound consequences for a male's fitness as those concerning transfer to a group where he may challenge for top dominance and how long he can occupy high rank. This paper examines in detail patterns in male transfer and rank acquisition in relation to reproductive success. We also attempt to identify the factors affecting a male's decisions to transfer or challenge to attain top dominance. Males transferred on average every 45.5 ± 3.5 months (N = 90), with longer residences for the younger males. In general, subadult males seemed to follow a low risk strategy: all males left their natal group as subadults, at a median age of 5 yr (N = 32) and most settled in an adjacent group with at least some of their peers. Most subadults did not transfer again until after reaching adult features. Average tenure of top dominance was 25 mo. Attempts to take over top dominance were most often successful if the tenure of the former top dominant had lasted at least one reproductive season and if the challenger was already a long-term resident of the group. Males who attempted to take over upon immigration into a group ('bluff immigrants') were less successful. Peers of a newly established top dominant tended to transfer to another group instead of challenging him. Thus, the timing of a take-over attempt relative to the social circumstances seems important. Age of maturation into fully adult features and the first attempt to challenge for top dominance varied between males. Sons of high-ranking mothers were more successful in acquiring top dominance in a nonnatal group than low-born males. Groups with an unstable male dominance hierarchy attracted more, mostly young, immigrants and lost more, mostly older, emigrants. During such periods, infant mortality was higher than during stable periods. The data support the hypothesis that transfer by males is a self-chosen option with a high probability of improving a male's reproductive opportunities. We conclude that these males show sophisticated assessment and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of modern markets has significant implications for agriculture in many developing countries that provides both opportunities and challenges for smallholder farmers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse key determinants affecting farmers' participation in high value markets, compared to traditional market. Face to face interviews based on a questionnaire were conducted with a sample of 126 smallholder vegetable farmers in the Manokwari region. Binary logistic regression and bivariate correlation analysis were used in this study. The results suggested that age, education level, vegetables cultivated area and membership in farmer groups/cooperatives were the key determinants that had significant effects on the smallholder farmers' decision about marketing channel participation. In addition, the income generated from vegetable farming was positively correlated to high value market participation. Some implications that need to be prioritized in agricultural development strategies include improving technical innovations and empowering collective actions through cooperatives or farmer groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a large corpus of myths and legends about sea creatures in the maritime world, a record that portrays incredible and wondrous feats, wrecks, calamities, and disasters. In this article, I present an account of the mythological cosmology of the Endenese, a group of fearless seafarers that scoured the Eastern Indonesian seas for over four centuries. By discussing the legend of Kota Djogo, an island that disappeared into the sea in time immemorial, I reconstruct Endenese explanations for luck and uncertainty in a world plagued by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons. Going beyond the legend's veracity, I build on the study of the narrative to show how symbolic accounts of environmental events can provide important clues to the understanding of ecological disasters. I argue that the indigenous rationalizations of uncertainty present in oral legends and myths can function as coping mechanisms that reconcile communities with the unpredictable and the ambiguous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteenth-century, private collections of ethnographic artefacts have a bad reputation in anthropology. Appearing to comprise 'a haphazard assemblage of junk' (Gathercole 1978:276), anthropologists and others interested in ethnographic objects and collecting have ignored private collections for some time. While Jean Louis Henri Beijens's collection resembles at first glance a haphazard assemblage not worthy of attention, a closer inspection reveals its historical and contemporary significance. In this article, we offer a glimpse into Beijens's private military collection, which contains artefacts originating from the Dutch colonies in both the East and West, as well as from Belgian Congo. Highlighting the colonial self-fashioning that occurred while he was assembling his 'haphazard' collection, we elucidate the colonial dispossession and violence that is at the heart of Beijens's and other private and public collections. In doing so, this article attempts to address the enduring legacies and responsibilities of colonial collecting and collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on sociolinguistic research, this article introduces the concept of 'linguistic enfranchisement' (LE). Large one-to-many participation frameworks, such as schooling, mass media, and bureaucratic institutions, help populations to comprehend a particular variety of language by providing access to written and spoken forms of an emerging 'standard' language of the nation. We refer to this process as LE, while pointing out that le can be seen as a product. This is so because le also refers to the linguistic forms that are modelled as a language within these nation-building infrastructures. Nation-building infrastructures also engender LE in other languages, which can ultimately come into competition with the language of the nation-state. We refer to this as 'latent enfranchisement', with 'latent' being used to indicate potential LE. In theorizing le, we focus on the languages used in political campaign posters from three parts of Indonesia: West Java, Papua, and Manado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the need to provide greater human rights protections through Indonesia's Human Rights Court mechanism. Despite the Court gaining momentum with the emergence of greater democratic freedoms, there is still quite a long way to go before the Court can function in a transparent and accountable way. The opportunity to do this was missed when political interests were put ahead of human rights protections when the legislation creating the Court paid no attention to the investigating and procedural complexities of categories of the crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the Court. Moreover, the lack of protection for victims and witnesses has had an adverse impact on prosecutions. This article recommends that some legislative reform is desirable but legislative reform alone will not bring about the equally important cultural change required to achieve this objective. This transformation can only be achieved by ensuring that all the relevant actors operating within the system are held accountable and required to operate in a professional manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including national borders in Indonesia; inter-cultural engagement; and global literary prominence.

As the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 in Lisbon set in motion the process of decolonizing the empire, the future of 'Portuguese Timor' was the subject of an intense debate which involved external actors. Like other Asian remnants of the empire, Timor was a small territory surrounded by a giant neighbour, which laid claim to be part of the process. Indonesia sought contact with the Portuguese authorities, and the countries held several rounds of talks up to November 1975. This essay surveys those talks, based primarily on Portuguese archival material, and details how the two countries failed to reach an agreement. Whereas Indonesia sought direct negotiations that would decolonize the territory while excluding the Timorese themselves, Portugal took note of Indonesian claims but insisted that a genuine act of self-determination based on the direct consultation of the Timorese people was required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's urbanization and economic development projects during the New Order established regimes of visuality that ignored aspects of everyday urban life. Contemporary Indonesian artists attempt to share untold histories and stories of everyday life from the urban past or give expression to the social and creative challenges and opportunities of the urban present. This article focuses on multimedia artist Maryanto and new media art collective Ruang MES 56. Maryanto's use of allegory and his notion of art as a 'space of exception' constitute thoughtful ways of engaging with the transformations of people's urban environments and identities. MES 56's work utilizes the critical and humorous potential of the ludic to deal with the new urban realities and possibilities under democratic reform. I argue that artistic exception does not exclude but in some ways strengthens, and in other ways contradicts, reconnection with the everyday realities of Indonesian urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the spirit of conserving the balance between the interests of the coastal State and other States in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), Article 73(3) of the United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes that coastal State penalties for violations of fisheries laws and regulations may not include imprisonment or corporal punishment unless otherwise agreed by the States concerned. As one of the countries suffering from illegal fishing, Indonesia has seen a number of domestic cases challenging the practical application of Article 73(3) due to the failure of several offenders to pay monetary penalties for violating fisheries laws and regulations in Indonesia's EEZ. Article 73(3) appears to be the only UNCLOS provision that Indonesian courts have directly applied and interpreted into domestic cases. The debate revolves around whether courts can impose default confinement for fisheries offences in the EEZ. This article examines how Indonesian courts interpret the meaning and scope of the term 'imprisonment' within the ambit of Article 73(3) of UNCLOS, particularly in the context of confinement for fine defaults, and whether international courts or tribunals provide any guidance in this interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dakwah (predication) is a popular field of research and study in the tertiary institutions under Indonesia's Ministry of Religion. To understand this popularity, it is necessary to recognize how individual Islamic sciences—such as dakwah—have been reconstituted within those institutions, for diverse disciplines have evolved along different trajectories. Dakwah has acquired its contemporary disciplinary character through dakwah academics' efforts to shape it in the models provided by the social sciences and media/communication studies. This is revealed in their appropriations from these disciplines, which commenced after Indonesian independence, when academics identified the national community as a mediated domain to be addressed by new dakwah methods. The authors trace these developments by reviewing the academic outputs of dakwah scholars, noting also that the 'bureaucratic integration' of dakwah created a bifurcation in the field: outside the ministry's institutions, critical dakwah projects have opposed the state-supported version of dakwah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates European collecting of Malay manuscripts during the colonial era to address two inter-related questions: was this collecting instrumental in destroying the Malay manuscript tradition, and are colonial collections accurate representations of Malay manuscript culture? It makes the case that while European intervention was certainly destructive, in fact the majority of Malay-language literary texts survive only in colonial-era collections. It also considers whether colonial collections, precisely because they are high in Malay literary texts and low in Arabic religious texts (known as kitab), are unrepresentative of Malay manuscript culture in the nineteenth century and earlier. Taking Marsden's seminal collection of Malay manuscripts as its case study, the article provides a fuller account of how this collection was assembled, and traces the individuals known to have acquired manuscripts for Marsden. Newly documented manuscript collections that remain in situ in Indonesia and in Malaysian institutions are discussed as a counterpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Crustaceana is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses the roles played by Masyumi political leaders in fuelling dakwah activism in Indonesia and energizing the inception and proliferation of Islamic higher education institutions before and after the political turmoil faced by the Masyumi party. Islamic politics and education in Indonesia were intermingled and utilized by Masyumi leaders to promote Islam, foster the dignity of the ummah (Muslim community), and achieve Maysumi's political vision via non-political activism. Using social-structure networks analysis, this article argues that the Masyumi networks and the spirit of Islamic modernism accelerated the spread of Islamic higher education in Indonesia, especially from 1945–1965. The Masyumi networks consisted of Muslim politicians, the intelligentsia, technocrats, noble families, and businesspeople. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]